How Are We Really Doing - 1828 Words

How Are We Really Doing? The question of how many children are abused and neglected each year in the United States is seemingly simple, but it does not have an easy answer. Because several national and state agencies collect and analyze different data using different methods, the statistics vary. In addition, not every suspicion or situation of abuse or neglect is reported to child protection services (CPS) agencies. As a result, the number of reports likely underrepresents the number of children who actually suffer from abuse or neglect. One of the most reliable and extensive information sources is the yearly Child Maltreatment Report by the Children’s Bureau, part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration on†¦show more content†¦Where Do We Get Our Information? Reports of suspected child maltreatment come from multiple sources. In 2005, over one-half of reports (61.7 percent) were from professionals who are considered â€Å"mandated reporters† (USDHHS, 2007). Mandated reporters are required by law to report suspected abuse and neglect. The most common mandated reporter referral sources in 2005 were social services personnel, legal professionals, law enforcement, criminal justice personnel and medical and mental health professionals (USDHHS, 2007). Types of Maltreatment Children Suffer Maltreatment can take many forms, and some children can suffer from more than one type. Since 1999, the majority of children confirmed to be victims of child maltreatment experienced neglect. The following are the percentages of children who experienced maltreatment in 2005 (USDHHS, 2007): Neglect 62.8% Physical abuse 16.6% Sexual abuse 9.3% Emotional/psychological abuse 7.1% Medical neglect 2.0% Other 14.3% The ‘Other’ category listed above includes abandonment, threats to harm the child, congenital drug addiction and other situations that are not counted as specific categories in NCANDS. The percentages here add up to more than 100 percent because some children were victims of more than one type of maltreatment. Demographics of Child Victims Boys and girls are equally likely to suffer maltreatment. In 2005, 47.3 percent of child victims were male, and 50.7 percent were

Dress Code And Uniforms Code - 956 Words

Have you ever wondered why we have dress code and not uniform for the schools? In the current society, all you see in the schools is a dress code. School that I attend has numerous problems dealing with the dress code for the reason that particular students decided not to acknowledge it. Couple of teachers has to take some time out of their teaching time to send the students to the office for dressing inappropriately. Although they have various problems with the policy, schools remain to enforce the dress code policy. Considering students cannot correctly follow the simple dress code, schools should require students to wear uniforms. Few public schools in the Tennessee require students to wear uniforms. In several countries, schools require students to wear uniforms. For instance, the school that I went to in India required uniforms too. Public schools requiring students to wear uniform will give them a sense of identity, increase their academic performance in the school, and reduce discrimination between the students. Frist of all, uniform gives students’ sense of identity; it creates a feeling of oneness and belonging to their school. If you gather a group of people and dress them all in a mutual way, they are likely to develop a group identity and a group ethic that has nothing to do with their personal identity or their individual perceptions of right and wrong. All the members of that cluster will put the equal effort in the work. What sport players, cheerleaders, andShow MoreRelatedSchool Dress Code And Uniforms1286 Words   |  6 PagesSchool Dress Code The topic about school dress codes and uniforms has become widespread throughout the United States. Located on the Idaho-Oregon border, this area of focus has become propionate in the small town of Payette, Idaho. There is currently a dress code in place, however, there are some outspoken people stating their concerns regarding the schools success based on what the students are wearing. The concerned community members want to give Payette school district a new appearance andRead MoreDress Codes And School Uniforms1248 Words   |  5 PagesIs there anything more embarrassing than being dress coded at school? Enforcing a dress code among children is unfair because it not only discriminates against people but it destroys someone’s whole day. Dress codes and school uniforms are meant to increase student achievement and make everyone equal but instead it only hurts people. Most school dress codes are unnecessary and are sexist. Enforcing dress codes is suppose to boost student a chievement but instead is racist, sexist and unnecessary.Read MoreUniform Dress Code For School1110 Words   |  5 PagesWe have all gone to a school where we were required to follow a certain dress code. The reason behind a uniform dress code may not be hard to understand but it is for the best. Some schools had a uniform that all their students were required to use on a daily basis. The dress code all depended on the school that the student attended and the grade level that they were in too. Enforcing a school dress code for all those students who are in grade levels Pre-K through 12th grade is extremely necessaryRead More Dress Codes and School Uniforms Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesDress Codes and School Uniforms The ringing of the alarm clock that is placed conveniently beside your bed wakes you. The sound startles your brain into getting out of your warm, cozy bed. It is time to go to school. You must wake up now in order to make it on time. If you are late again, your teacher will probably give you that nasty look of dismissal. What are you going to wear? Is this a dilemma you face each morning? Do you have trouble wanting to get out of your bed, and then you areRead MoreEssay on School Dress Codes and Uniforms Are Beneficial695 Words   |  3 PagesSchool Dress Codes and Uniforms Are Beneficial Do schools really need a dress code? Just ask parents of kids who have to wear them and they will probably say yes. With the dress code policy parents would be able o save money on clothes for their children(Dress 1). This would be a big help for children with poor families who cant afford the proper clothes for them to wear. In addition, with uniforms these kids wont are looked at any different than everyone else because they will have the sameRead More Against School Dress Codes and Uniforms Essay2272 Words   |  10 PagesThe Debate Between School Dress Codes and Uniforms The debate over school uniforms and dress codes has been going on for years and is still widely debated and talked about in the education system. Each side of the argument has many supporters. There are many pros and cons to each side so it is hard to really know what the right choice is. In Three Cups of Tea written by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin education is the main focus of the book. Although most of the book takes place halfRead MoreNursing Uniforms: Why There Should Be a Mandatory Dress Code for Nurses1623 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: -nursing uniforms:WHY THERE SHOULD BE A MANDATORY DRESS CODE FOR NURSES Nurses and uniforms Why There Should Be a Mandatory Dress Code for nurses Maria Gutierrez University of Central Florida Abstract The debate about nurses having a mandatory dress code such as a specific uniform and color, (white or not) has been a hot topic lately. The majority of nurses love the freedom they have of choosing their own uniforms and expressing part of their identity and style; however, theRead MoreDefinition Of Ethical Leadership : School Uniform Code And Should All Schools Implement Students Dress Code990 Words   |  4 Pagespaper will touch on dress code and should all schools implement students wearing school uniform. A dress code reduces stress, forms unification, and boost morale. Wearing a uniform creates unity. According to an article in the DailyMail, students â€Å"Having a uniform helps to reduce bullying in school, makes children better behaved outside the school gates and even aids concentration in class, researchers said.† (1) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-467353/School-uniform-improves-pupils-behaviour-schoolRead MoreSchool Uniform Policies Around The World90 5 Words   |  4 PagesApproximately one in five schools enforce a dress code, becoming common in America in the mid-1990s (â€Å"School Uniforms.†). Regulating what is acceptable for students to wear is a growing issue, because of the new society based on body image we live in today. Other countries such as Japan and Britain have enforced school uniforms for over a century and proudly reflect their culture (â€Å"School Uniform Policies Around the World.†). Schools should support a dress code and uniforms, because it will prepare studentsRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms979 Words   |  4 PagesThe age old argument of whether or not uniforms and dress codes should be enforced in schools seems to never conclude. The issue of appropriate clothing in schools is controversial and provoking. Many argue that abolishing a student’s choice in their attire violates their freedom of expression. Students use what they wear to express themselves; their clothin g gives them a sense of a unique style and identity. Others argue that permitting students to wear whatever clothing they like can create unnecessary

Quality Control of Parenterals Free Essays

From Greek, Para outside; enter=intestine and exerts their action by directly entering into the systemic circulation. The quality of prankster’s is the sum of all parameters that contribute to safety, efficacy and therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Drug products administered by injection are characterized by three qualities pertinacity, and freedom from particulate matter. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Control of Parenterals or any similar topic only for you Order Now The USPS compendia requirements has recommended the following tests for parentally products: 1 . Pyroxene Testing. 2. Sterility Testing. 3. Particulate matter Testing. 4. Package integrity Test. 5. Safety Test. Pyroxene Testing Pyroxene are fever producing substances, which are metabolic products of microorganisms. Chemically, they are lipid substances associated with a carrier molecule, which is usually a polysaccharide. Pyroxene are produced by many microorganisms including bacteria, yeasts and McCollum. Most potent pyroxene are the antitoxins produced from the cell walls of the Gram- negative bacteria. Pyroxene can cause a lot of damage, if they are injected into a human being. Hence every batch of parentally is tested for the presence of pyroxene. Page Number 5 Following Tests are Performed for Pyroxene testing: A. Rabbit Pyroxene Test (RPR) B. Ilium’s Embody Alyssa (ALA) Test C. Monocot Activation Test (MAT) A. Rabbit Pyroxene Test (RPR) Introduction Selection of animals Animal quarters Retaining boxes Materials Thermometer Preliminary test Main test Interpretation 0 Introduction It is an in vivo test to detect the presence of pyroxene in parental to ensure their quality standards. In 1942 it was added on USPS as official test but it was replaced with ALA test in 1982. Biologic are still tested with RPR Early indention detection was accomplished by injecting rabbits with the sample and observing the response in their body temperature. Rabbits have similar indention tolerance to humans, and were thus an ideal choice. However, this method was costly, time consuming, and prompted protests from animals rights advocates. But perhaps the biggest drawback of this test was its inability to quantify the indention level. img class="wp-image-34548 alignright" src="https://donemyessay.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/quality-control-of-parenteral-preparations-4-638-300x225.jpg" alt="Quality Control of Parenterals" width="512" height="384" / Selection of animals Rabbits are used in this test because they show similar response as in humans. Following is selection criteria according to USPS 0 Albino rabbits should be used which grams in weight. 0 Rabbit should not loss its weight during week of test 0 Rabbit should be physically healthy 0 Rabbit should be on balance diet 0 Rabbit should not be administered with any anti body 7th – A I Survivors I The University of Lahore Page Number 6 0 The rabbits which are used three days before in a negative pyroxene test are not used 0 The rabbits which are used two weeks before in a positive pyroxene test are not used 0 Animal quarters Rabbits should be kept in special cages and individual rabbit in a single cage. Quarter and cage should be fulfilled following criteria: 0 Design of cage should be certified from ALL (American association of accreditation of laboratory animals) 0 Temperature of quarter should be 20 to 30 degree Celsius (temperature of performance area should also be in this range with deviation of 3) 0 If temperature of performance area is different from area where animals are kept then animals must be brought in performance area 18 hours before test 0 In performance area there should not be noise, due to noise temperature of rabbit can rise from 0. To 10 degree Celsius , which become normal after 6 to 9 hours. 0 Retaining boxes Rabbits are kept in separate boxes 1 hour before performance, design of boxes should be such that body can easily move and neck is at opening side. 0 Materials Materials such as syringes glassware etc. Should be washed with water for injection and place in hot air oven at 200 degree Celsius for 1 hour or at 250 degree Celsius for 30 minutes for dehydroge nation.. Treat all diluents and solutions for washing and rinsing of devices or parentally injection assemblies in a manner that will assure that they are sterile and pyroxene -free. Periodically perform control pyroxene tests on representative portions of the diluents and solutions for washing or rinsing of the apparatus. 7th – A I Survivors The University of Lahore Page Number 7 0 Thermometer theorists probes or similar probes that have been calibrated to assure an accuracy of ? ±0. 1 0 and have been tested to determine that a maximum reading is reached in less than 5 minutes. Rectal thermometer is used in this test which is calibrated with 1 degree Celsius marks. Thermometer is inserted at depth of 5 centimeter. Temperature should be measured within 5 minutes. 0 Preliminary test Measure the temperature 1-1. 5 hours before test 0 Wash the marginal ear vein with ethyl alcohol (antiseptic) ethyl alcohol also act as clearing agent. 0 Now inject pyroxene free water with dose of 10 ml per keg. 0 Measure the temperature at intervals of 30 minutes for 3 hours 0 Any rabbit showing variation in temperature of 0. 6 degree will not be used in main tests. 0 Main test Select three rabbits which are passed in the preliminary test. Monitor the temperature and inject the product after 90 minutes in marginal ear vein Dose should be 0. Ml/keg to 10 ml/keg as specified in individual monogram Product can be eluted with pyroxene free water or any solvent recommended in official books Quantity of drug is as in monogram. 0 Measurement of temperature and pyroxene response Measure the initial temperatures within 40 minutes of injection for this purpose take one readin g at after 10 minutes and second after 30 minutes average of both will be the initial temperature. 7th – A I Survivors The University of Lahore Page Number 8 Now monitor the temperature for 3 hours at the intervals of 30 minutes and note the highest temperature. How to cite Quality Control of Parenterals, Papers

Major Court and Tribunal Decisions †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Major Court and Tribunal Decisions. Answer: Introduction: It is important to state that from the very beginning that the subject-matter of administrative law relied upon the principles of fundamental values. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that the principles of accountability, rationality, decision-making and rule of law are consistent with the concept of administrative justice. The concept and mechanisms of administrative law is a long debated topic which is a matter of concern for the contemporary authors[1]. The essay is commissioned to examine the mechanisms of administrative law which proved to be inefficient in providing appropriate justice to individuals. Therefore it can be agreed that an individual has to rely upon the Court of justice by ignoring the action taken by the Administrative tribunals. In order emphasize the action of the administrative tribunals it is important to explain the functionality. Administrative tribunals are regarded as governmental agencies specialized in dealing with judicial procedure that has been established under the legislative framework of federal and provincial government. However various public authorities and public boards are entrusted with the power of decision making which includes- administrative tribunals, administrative boards and other public bodies. It is noteworthy to mention here that the administrative tribunals follow the basic principles of common laws and applies the statutes accordingly. However, the procedural rules are also applicable and therefore the administrative tribunal is bound to follow the procedural constraints. Therefore, it can be stated that while performing judicial and quasi-judicial functions the statutory decision makers are governed by the principles of common law[2]. However, it can be observed that the dis puting parties sometimes require the formal procedures of Court for resolving the matter concerned. Therefore, in such cases the disputing parties are at the authority to question the administrative proceedings and the substantial question of law involved in relation to the principles of natural justice. In some cases it can be observed on the part of the administrative tribunals to contemplate a decision which is informal in nature. In such cases, the impact of the decision given by the administrative tribunal may be relatively minor as compared to courts and the parties involved in such administrative proceedings shall not be entitled to natural justice[3]. Therefore, in such cases the Courts are at the authority evaluate the legality of the decision given by the administrative tribunals by relying upon the doctrine of fairness. It can be rightly stated that Courts are entrusted with supervisory jurisdiction on the actions performed by the administrative tribunals, boards and other public bodies. However, in cases where the disputing parties are affected by the decision taken by the administrative tribunals may present an application before the Court to review the decision of the administrative tribunal. Such process is considered as judicial review which involves the application of both procedural judicial review and substantial judicial review. Procedural judicial review is conducted by the Courts when the decision taken by the administrative tribunal has not complied with procedural fairness. However, the process of substantive judicial review challenges the decision of the administrative bodies itself[4]. If it appears to the parties that there has been illegality and irrationality in the decision taken by the administrative tribunal, then the disputing parties are at the opportunity to apply for substan tial judicial review. It can be mentioned that the supervisory jurisdiction of the Courts over the administrative tribunals is governed by the rule of law. Therefore, the Parliament and the provincial legislatures do not have the authority to exclude the right to judicial review as the individuals are dependent on the rulings of the Court as they are at the impression that whether the administrative tribunals have acted according to the principles of law[5]. It can be stated that the right to exercise judicial review is discretionary and the Courts are at the authority to perform judicial review whenever necessary. In this regard, the standard of review can be emphasized which refers to the process of review that should be determined by the courts while deferring the decision made by an administrative authority rather than overriding the decision. The review of administrative action is approached by the Courts for the purpose of determining the issues in concern. Traditionally, the Courts applied the test of standard reasonableness and correctness in identifying that whether a decision is a subject to judicial review or not. However, it requires significant period for identifying the amount of unreasonableness and irrationality in the decision. Therefore, in order to deal with such confusion the standard of patent unreasonableness was enacted for the purpose of dealing with situations where the legislative framework contains a privative clause. The presence of the privative clause signifies that the decision made by the administrative authority cannot be reviewed by the Courts. Therefore the standard of patent unreasonableness prevents the intention of the legislature to exclude the practice of judicial review[6]. Therefore, privative clause may be include in the statute of a tribunal which limits the practice of judicial review thereby declaring the decision of the tribunal to be final and binding upon the parties. In relation to the privati ve clause the supervisory jurisdiction can be exercised by the Courts. However, the existence of a statutory right of appeal does not signify that that the decision taken by the administrative tribunal is final and binding. In this regard, the Court has the authority to refuse the application of judicial review of an administrative decision unless and until there has been exhaustion of statutory rights of appeal. The Courts are at the authority to consider the expertise of the tribunal in matters which involves the substantial question of law and fact. In this regard, if it comes to the knowledge of the Courts regarding the fact that the tribunal are not specialized to deal with specific matters then the Courts shall perform judicial review. In case where the issues contained in the matter in concern relates to the rights of the disputing parties, the intervention of Courts is required. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that the remedial jurisdiction of the Court to perform judicial review is limited to the powers that have been depicted in the appropriate statute[7]. In this regard, an example of the powers of the Ontario Divisional Court can be illustrated which are outlined in Section 2 of the Judicial Review Procedures Act and in Section 18.1(3) of the Federal Court Act in case of Federal Courts[8]. It is important to state here that the Courts are entrusted with the power to grant relief against an order given by an administrative tribunal with an exception of costs. For instance, it may occur on the part of the Court to order an administrative tribunal to reconsider the matter and make the decision accordingly which may happen as a result of an application for judicial review applied by the parties to dispute. However, the Court does not provide limitations on an application from doing any act or refrain from doing any act in relation to the application for judicial review[9]. It is obvious that both the Federal Court and the Divisional Court are not at the authority to award damages on judicial review. However both the Federal Courts and the Divisional Courts are at the authority to make interim orders which includes both staying and suspending orders involving an administrative proceeding pending the application for judicial review. It can be rightly mentioned that the power of the Federal and Divisional Courts proved to be significant for two reasons. Firstly, the decision taken by an administrative authority shall not be pending to judicial review automatically. Secondly, most of the administrative tribunals are not entrusted with a power to make staying order of the decision made by them which is pending review. In such cases, if it appears to such administrative tribunal that it shall be appropriate to suspend the decision made by it while an application for judicial review is pending, then in this regard such tribunal has no authority. The Courts are only at the authority to suspend or stay an order. In order to proceed with the mechanisms of administrative law the fundamental elements of Australian administrative law can be emphasized- judicial review and merits review. The subject-matter of judicial review is concerned with the legitimacy of administrative decisions however the concept of merit review deals with the part of a decision carried out by different public authorities[10]. It is worth mentioning that the distinction between judicial and merit review enumerated as a result of the separation of powers which is commonly practiced in the Australian jurisdiction. The process of merit review is conducted in order to ensure the rationality or correctness of a legally sound decision made by a public authority. It is evident that the Administrative tribunals while conducting merit reviews do not follow the strict rules of evidence and therefore the process is less formal that is being followed in courts. In this regard mention can be made of few administrative tribunals involv ed in the process of merit review. These are the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT), the Administrative Decisions Tribunal (ADT) and the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT). The fundamental principle of judicial review can be applied when the administrative tribunals abuse their powers by acting outside their jurisdictional limits. In this regard, the courts are vested with an authority to interfere with the decisions made by an administrative tribunal. However, the process of judicial review do not prevent the administrative bodies from making decisions, it prevents them from making any decision which is irrational and illegal[11]. Therefore, it can be rightly stated that the decision of an administrative tribunal can be interfered with if any illegality or irrationality is observed in the process. It was observed in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Bentley [1994] QB 349[12] that the decision taken by the administrative tribunals by excludi ng the application of the principles of both common and statutory laws from the purview of judicial review. It was observed that the administrative tribunal refused to provide appropriate reasons for such exclusion of both common and statutory laws. Therefore, it was observed that further appeal was made to the Court of Justice and it was held that that the decision made by the administrative authority was illegal and irrational[13]. It is worth mentioning that the Courts are at the authority to set aside or quash an order if the decision taken is irrational or illegal. In Posner v Collector for Interstate Destitute Persons[14] it was held by the Court that the decision made by the administrative tribunal was outside its jurisdictional boundary and therefore was invalid. It is important on the part of the administrative authorities to provide appropriate reasons in regard to the decision taken by the administrative tribunals[15]. It is essential that the administrative authorities should provide appropriate justifications regarding the usage of common and statutory laws on which it relied upon in making decision. Therefore, it shall be easier for individuals to understand both the factual and legal conditions depicted in the decisions made by the administrative tribunals. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention that the process of judicial review has been applied to the day to day issues faced by the government authorities. However, such activities could be easily recognized by the courts in a short span of period. In this context, the traditional inherent jurisdiction applied by the procedure of judicial review by the administrative tribunals could be easily restricted. The Court of Justice was at the authority to question the application of law applied by the administrative bodies in making decision. If the administrative tribunals exercised their powers outside their jurisdictional boundaries set by the provisions of statutory law and common law in regard to natural justice then the Courts could recognize such boundaries[16]. The cases involving procedural challenges can be interfered by the Courts by setting aside the decision made by the tribunals by applying the formal procedures. It can be emphasized that there is an opportunity on the part of an aggrieved party to present an appeal which involves substantial question of law before the Administrative Decisions Tribunal. In this regard, the appeal involving the question of law could be reviewed by the Administrative Decisions Tribunal (ADT). However various intricacies may arose that whether the appellant has identified the involved question of law. In some cases when no question of law is identified then it can be established there is no jurisdiction. In addition, it can be stated that individuals with lack of legal knowledge would face great difficulty in identifying the hidden question of law. In this regard, the aggrieved party can present further appeal before the Court in order in order to get relief. In this regard, it can be emphasized that the Administrative Decisions Tribunal (ADT) can provide various methods of alternative dispute resolution which includes- neutral-evaluation, conciliation and media tion. However, these methods of dispute resolution were considered to be less formal and therefore the decision made with the application of these methods cannot be relied upon[17]. The individuals relied on the decisions of the courts as the procedure was formal which included the application of both statutory and procedural laws[18]. Therefore it can be stated that there exists an interrelation between government administrative bodies and other independent authorities such as administrative tribunals and ombudsmen. However, in case the disputes are not resolved through the independent functionaries, the matter in dispute can be referred to the Courts. It is evident that in many countries the branch of administrative law is often treated as constitutional laws. It can be noted that from the very beginning the concept of administrative law is efficiently applied to the relationship between the citizens and the state[19]. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention that the branch of the Australian constitutional law effectively interacts with the application of administrative law in many ways. For instance, mention can be made about the principles of a Communist Party which requires the decision of an executive to act near the boundaries of constitutional powers which in most of the cases are subjected to judicial review. Therefore, in this regard, question may appear that to what extent the principles of administrative justice can be secured by the constitution by establishing the process of judicial review in relation to the decision made by the administrative tribunals. Modern scholars are of the opinion that individuals have the right to appeal to the Courts in order for the purpose of seeking judicial review of the decisions taken by the executive which adversely affected their rights[20]. The appellant shall have the right to full appeal after the declaration of the initial decision taken by the administrative body. Therefore, the parties to dispute are at the authority to have the material facts and merits to be determined by the application of the Courts[21]. This can be only done by the parties to dispute only if the matter related appears to be utmost importance to the concerned parties. Therefore, the Constitution of Australia is vested with the power to allocate the federal legislative, the executive and judicial functions to the Commonwealth Parliament, the federal executive and the High Court and lower courts of Australia respectively. In R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers Society of Australia (1956) 94 CLR 254[22] which is popularly known as the Boilermakers case was a landmark case in the history of Australia where the decision made by the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration were held to be unconstitutional by the High Court of Australia. It was observed that the Boilermakers Society of Australia is a union which did not obey the orders given by the Commonwealth Court in regard to an industrial dispute which arose between the Boilermakers and the Metal Trades Employers Association. It was observed that the Boilermakers presented an appeal before the High Court by challenging the orders as they found the decision made by the Commonwealth Court to be invalid and irrational. In this case, it was held by the High Court of Australia that the judicial power entrusted to the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration cannot be vested in a tribunal which exercises non-judicial functions. The High Court of Australia in this regard made a series of consideration for the purpose of resolving issues which involves the exercise of judicial power. The view of the decision maker occupies the central in the determination of the issue[23]. However, the consequences that shall affect the interests of the individuals could only be determined by employing judicial power. In the perspective of modern authors the application of judicial control can be excluded from the matter involved it was based on the application of executive power. In this regard, it can be noted that in case of settling industrial disputes, the final determination of the dispute can be only finalized by the judiciary and not by the executive. However, some scholars were of the opinion that according to the principles of Australian Law, the important decisions which require the application of law must be decided by the Courts. According to contemporary authors, the decision taken by the administrative tribunal has been considered to be insufficient to provide relief to the parties to dispute[24]. Therefore, according to the perspective of modern scholars, the decisions involving judicial review should be left for the Courts to decide. However, under the Australian Law, the exact amount of judicial control which is necessary in deciding a particular matter is unclearly depicted[25]. The matters involving substantial consequences shall be considered by the Courts however; in case if any restrictions are imposed on the Courts then the ability of the Courts to reconsider the matter shall be objected on constitutional grounds. In Cf Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1995) 183 CLR 245[26] the High Court of Australia provided favorable decisions in regard to attempts of the administrative bodies in conferring judicial powers upon non-judicial authorities. In this case it was observed that the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission is not vested with an authority to exercise judicial functions. It can be observed that in some cases the High Court of Australia held the decision of the administrative tribunals to be constitutional and rational. In Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs it was held by the Court that the administrative authorities have acted within the executive powers by detaining the aliens while an executive determination was pending on their part. In this case the Court was at the authority to hold the decision taken by the administrative authorities to be outside the executive powers because the aliens could be deprived of their rights and interests without the application of judicial decision. However, the importance of immigration application cannot be ignored as it requires judicial control. The importance of executive powers exercised on the part of the administrative authorities has been observed in Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (1996) 189 CLR 1[27]. According to the provisio ns of Section 75(v) of the Constitution of Australia the High Court is vested with original jurisdiction in matters involving writ of mandamus or injunction against an officer of Commonwealth. However modern jurists asserted that Section 75(v) do not provide any right to obtain mandamus or prohibition, it only provides with a jurisdiction. Most of the countries have adopted the principles of administrative law within their legal system. The Australian Constitution adopted the concept of administrative law and thereby applied innovative measures to uplift the accountability of the executive. With the development of the principles of common law and statutory laws in Australia in the past two decades there has been establishment of legislative and institutional framework as well for the purpose of providing administrative justice. In this regard, the application of administrative law has been implemented by the Judicial Review Act 1977 (Cth), the Administrative Appeals Act 1975 (Cth) and the Ombudsman Act 1976 (Cth)[28]. In this regard, it can be mentioned that the fundamental concept of administrative law was concerned with the rights of individuals. However, the administrative tribunals failed in their part to provide appropriate relief to the parties in dispute. In the perspectives of modern scholars the individuals are vested with the right to seek judicial review of a decision given by the administrative tribunal or any other government authorities that would adversely affect their rights to justice. In this regard, the parties to dispute are vested with the right to present an appeal before the Court questioning the substantial grounds of judicial review. Some authors were of the view that in cases where an appeal arises from the decision made by a government official to an administrative tribunal; the need to conduct judicial review arises in this context[29]. Therefore, in case of issues of importance arising between parties to dispute the Court shall be at the authority to review the legality and merits of the decision given by the administrative tribunal that is being challenged. It has been argued that the abovementioned statements exist efficiently in the subject-matter of administrative law of Australia. However, it has been alread y explained that Section 75(v) of the Australian Constitution grants the High Court with a constitutional jurisdiction for the purpose of ensuring lawful conduct on the part of the Commonwealth officers. It is noteworthy to mention here that such constitutional jurisdiction cannot be overridden by any existing clause which seeks to separate the functions of the executive from the purview of judicial review. In addition, it can be stated that in the absence of Section 75(v) there exists no other constitutional mechanism which will ensure that the principles of common law and the provisions of administrative justice are not eroded by the acts of the Parliament[30]. In recent era, several attempts were made by the Federal government for the purpose of removing decisions involving immigration issues from the scope of judicial review. In this regard the Courts of Justice were heavily criticized from time to time for making decisions by depending upon the grounds of policy and material facts rather than the grounds involving strict legality merits. Therefore, amendments were introduced to the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) in Part 8 in order to provide restrictions to the ground available to the Federal Court for judicial review which includes- breach of natural justice, irrationality and unreasonableness. However, the Migration Legislation Amendment Bill, 1998 initiated to replace Part 8 of the amendment with privative clause. In this regard, the Bill proposed that the jurisdictional power of the Federal Court shall be completely removed in reviewing the decisions taken by certain administrative tribunals[31]. Further the Bill prevented the intervention of the High Courts in matters in relation to the decision taken by the Federal Court. It is evident that administrative tribunals derive their powers from the legislative bodies for the purpose of adjudicating matters which are complex in nature and comprises of specialized areas. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that the decisions and actions of the administrative tribunals are often challenged by the disputing parties due to the nature of the decision. In Ontario (Energy Board) v Ontario Power Generation Inc., 2015 SCC 44[32] is a Canadian case study in which it was observed that the administrative tribunal defended its own decision by conducting the process of judicial review. It was observed in this case that the Ontario Power Generation sought judicial review regarding the decision of the Board as the decision was granted in favor of the Board. In this regard, the Ontario Power Generation challenged the decision of the tribunal by presenting an appeal before the Supreme Court of Canada. Therefore, it was held that the decision of the administrative tribunal can be challenged before the higher authorities for further appeal. In the conclusion it can be stated that in practice the mechanisms of administrative law do not provide relief to the disputing parties efficiently and therefore the disputing parties in most of the cases seek relief from the Courts by ignoring the decision provided by the principles of administrative tribunals. References: Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs 110 ALR 97 Ontario (Energy Board) v Ontario Power Generation Inc., 2015 SCC 44 Posner v Collector for Interstate Destitute Persons (1947) ALR 61 R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers Society of Australia (1956) 94 CLR 254 R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Bentley [1994] QB 349 Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (1996) 189 CLR 1 Almqvist, Jessica. "A Human Rights Appraisal of the Limits to Judicial Independence for International Criminal Justice." Leiden Journal of International Law 28.1 (2015): 91-112. Amoroso, Daniele. "Judicial Abdication in Foreign Affairs and the Effectiveness of International Law." Chinese Journal of International Law 14.1 (2015): 99-134. Asimow, Michael. "Five models of administrative adjudication." The American Journal of Comparative Law 63.1 (2015): 3-32. Bernatt, Maciej. "Transatlantic Perspective on Judicial Deference in Administrative Law." Colum. J. Eur. L. 22 (2015): 275. Bosland, Jason, and Jonathan Gill. "The principle of open justice and the judicial duty to give public reasons." Melb. UL Rev. 38 (2014): 482. Buck, Trevor, Richard Kirkham, and Brian Thompson. The ombudsman enterprise and administrative justice. Routledge, 2016. Bunjevac, Tin. "From individual judge to judicial bureaucracy: The emergence of judicial councils and the changing nature of judicial accountability in court administration." UNSWLJ 40 (2017): 806. Busch, Jost-Dietrich. "Vi the administration of justice in the federal system of the federal republic of germany." A Comparative Study: 139. Bateman, Will, and Leighton McDonald. "The Normative Structure of Australian Administrative Law." Fed. L. Rev. 45 (2017): 153. Cane, Peter. "Records, Reasons and Rationality in Judicial Control of Administrative Power: England, the US and Australia." Israel Law Review 48.3 (2015): 309-328. Dalal, Seema. "Administrative law and judicial review of administrative action with a special emphasis on the writ of certiorari." Daly, Paul. "Best Practices in Administrative Decision-Making: Viewing the Copyright Board of Canada in a Comparative Light." (2016). Ebisui, Minawa, Sean Cooney, and Colin Fenwick. "1. Resolving individual labour disputes: A general introduction." Resolving Individual Labour Disputes: 1. Freckelton, Alan. "The chancing concept of'unreasonableness' in Australian administrative law." AIAL Forum. No. 78. Australian Institute of Administrative Law, 2014. Galligan, Brian, and FL Ted Morton. "Australian exceptionalism: Rights protection without a bill of rights." Protecting Rights Without a Bill of Rights. Routledge, 2017. 27-50. Gardbaum, Stephen. "Separation of powers and the growth of judicial review in established democracies (or why has the model of legislative supremacy mostly been withdrawn from sale?)." The American Journal of Comparative Law 62.3 (2014): 613-640. Guglyuvatyy, Evgney, and Chris Evans. "Administrative approaches to tax dispute resolution: alternative perspectives from Australia and Russia." J. Comp. L. 10 (2015): 365. Hooper, Grant Robert. "Judicial Review and Proportionality: Making a Far-Reaching Difference to Administrative Law in Australia or a Misplaced and Injudicious Search for Administrative Justice?." (2017). Johnston, Peter, and Peter McNab. "The evolution of state adjudicative power as an alternative to state judicial or administrative power." AIAL Forum. No. 81. Australian Institute of Administrative Law, 2015. Kirkham, Richard, and Alexander Allt. "Making sense of the case law on Ombudsman schemes: The Ombudsman, Tribunals and Administrative Justice Section." Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 38.2 (2016): 211-227. Mead, Joseph, and Nicholas A. Fromherz. "Choosing a Court to Review the Executive." (2015). Opeskin, Brian. "State of the Judicature: A Statistical Profile of Australian Courts and Judges." Revista Forumul Judecatorilor (2014): 133. Preston, Brian J. "Characteristics of successful environmental courts and tribunals." Journal of Environmental law 26.3 (2014): 365-393. Price, Zachary S. "Law Enforcement as Political Question." Notre Dame L. Rev. 91 (2015): 1571. Scott, Katharine, and Tom Tabori. "Alternatives to Litigation in Public Law Disputes." Sutherland, Carolyn, and Joellen Riley. "Major court and tribunal decisions in Australia in 2015." Journal of Industrial Relations 58.3 (2016): 388-401. Welch, Michael. "Economic man and diffused sovereignty: a critique of Australias asylum regime." Crime, Law and Social Change 61.1 (2014): 81-107.

10 Jobs That Pay More Than $80k And How To Get Them

10 Jobs That Pay More Than $80k And How To Get Them You want to choose a career that will challenge you and nurture your strengths, as well as fulfilling you in the long term. But a great salary doesn’t hurt either, right? Check out a few of these top paying jobs and see if they might be right for you. Some don’t even require you to have a college degree! 1. Information Security Architect: $114kThis job requires a great deal of experience and qualifications, but if you can line yourself up for it, you can make great money. Look to get certified in A+, Net+, and Security+. If you have the hands-on experience and the expertise to do this job (vetting security, working with firewalls, streamlining processes and solutions), then you could be all set.2. Systems Admin: $83kThe typical medial salary for this position is a bit lower, but the more experience you have, the higher up the pay scale you will be. It’s also in great demand. So if you are a whiz at technology, this job might be for you.3. Art Director: $95kAre yo u super talented and into art but people keep asking you how you plan to pay the bills? Go into art direction, creating the style and image of a publication, theatrical production, ad campaign, even window display! You’ll need to be able to design and follow a budget, as well as lead a team, but if you have the talent, training, creativity, and the eye, you’ll do great.4. Lawyer: $130kThis is one of those instantly respected positions. No one will ever give you trouble at a cocktail party again. You’ll have to go to law school and go into a lot of debt, but if it suits you, you’ll be almost guaranteed a competitive salary- depending on your specialization.5. Sales Manager: $116kYou’ll have to sell a lot to be a sales manager, but once you’re at that level, you won’t be doing as much of the actual selling. Instead you’ll be establishing territories, setting goals, and guiding a team that does the selling. If you’ve got fi ve years of sales experience under your belt, this might be something you could think about. It’s good steady work at good steady pay- with less travel.6. IT Manager: $125kTechnology is such an integral part of today’s workforce and world. IT Managers are generally very well paid because they keep technology running for the companies they work at. They are the lifeline when things go wrong!7. Business Operations Manager: $119kKeep your company running- by negotiating contracts, hiring new talent, building and leading teams, and making strategy decisions. The growth for this field is projected to be 7% through 2024. Look for jobs on the east coast, in Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey.8. Financial Manager: $134kOversee the money in your company, control the checkbook, make profit projections, manage cash flow, and coordinate accounting. It’s a very detail-oriented and highly confidential position, requiring great skill with numbers, but the pay is undeniably good.9. Marketing Manager: $116kConduct research and use it to shape a successful advertising campaign. Design skills won’t hurt you here, and neither will leadership and team-building skills. Live in your own personal Mad Men for a living.10. Supply Chain Manager: $81kThis job tends to lead to high satisfaction and high pay- the high end can net you up to $123k. You’ll have to work your way up to this position, which will require a lot of dedication, sweat and time, but particularly if you don’t have a college degree, it’s an excellent option.

Financial Panics of the 19th Century

Financial Panics of the 19th Century The Great Depression of the 1930s was called great for a reason. It followed a long series of depressions which afflicted the American economy throughout the 19th century. Crop failures, drops in cotton prices, reckless railroad speculation, and sudden plunges in the stock market all came together at various times to send the growing American economy into chaos. The effects were often brutal, with millions of Americans losing jobs, farmers being forced off their land, and railroads, banks, and other businesses going under for good. Here are the basic facts on the major financial panics of the 19th century. Panic of 1819 The first major American depression, the Panic of 1819 was rooted to some extent in economic problems reaching back to the war of 1812.It was triggered by a collapse in cotton prices. A contraction in credit coincided with the problems in the cotton market, and the young American economy was severely affected.Banks were forced to call in loans, and foreclosures of farms and bank failures resulted.The Panic of 1819 lasted until 1821.The effects were felt most in the west and south. Bitterness about the economic hardships resonated for years and led to the resentment that helped Andrew Jackson solidify his political base throughout the 1820s.Besides exacerbating sectional animosity, the Panic of 1819 also made many Americans realize the importance of politics and government policy in their lives. Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 was triggered by a combination of factors including the failure of a wheat crop, a collapse in cotton prices, economic problems in Britain, rapid speculation in land, and problems resulting from the variety of currency in circulation.It was the second-longest American depression, with effects lasting roughly six years, until 1843.The panic had a devastating impact. A number of brokerage firms in New York failed, and at least one New York City bank president committed suicide. As the effect rippled across the nation, a number of state-chartered banks also failed. The nascent labor union movement was effectively stopped, as the price of labor plummeted.The depression caused the collapse of real estate prices. The price of food also collapsed, which was ruinous to farmers and planters who couldn’t get a decent price for their crops. People who lived through the depression following 1837 told stories that would be echoed a century later during The Great Depressio n.The aftermath of the panic of 1837 led to Martin Van Buren’s failure to secure a second term in the election of 1840. Many blamed the economic hardships on the policies of Andrew Jackson, and Van Buren, who had been Jackson’s vice president, paid the political price. Panic of 1857 The Panic of 1857 was triggered by the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, which actually did much of its business as a bank headquartered in New York City. Reckless speculation in railroads led the company into trouble, and the company’s collapse led to a literal panic in the financial district, as crowds of frantic investors clogged the streets around Wall Street.Stock prices plummeted, and more than 900 mercantile firms in New York had to cease operation. By the end of the year the American economy was a shambles.One victim of the Panic of 1857 was a future Civil War hero and US president, Ulysses S. Grant, who was bankrupted and had to pawn his gold watch to buy Christmas presents.Recovery from the depression began in early 1859. Panic of 1873 The investment firm of Jay Cooke and Company went bankrupt in September 1873 as a result of rampant speculation in railroads. The stock market dropped sharply and caused numerous businesses to fail.The depression caused approximately three million Americans to lose their jobs.The collapse in food prices impacted Americas farm economy, causing great poverty in rural America.The depression lasted for five years, until 1878.The Panic of 1873 led to a populist movement that saw the creation of the Greenback Party. The industrialist Peter Cooper ran for president on the Greenback Party ticket in 1876, but was unsuccessful. Panic of 1893 The depression set off by the Panic of 1893 was the greatest depression America had known, and was only surpassed by the Great Depression of the 1930s.In early May 1893 the New York stock market dropped sharply, and in late June panic selling caused the stock market to crash.A severe credit crisis resulted, and more than 16,000 businesses had failed by the end of 1893. Included in the failed businesses were 156 railroads and nearly 500 banks.Unemployment spread until one in six American men lost their jobs.The depression inspired Coxeys Army, a march on Washington of unemployed men. The protesters demanded that the government provide public works jobs. Their leader, Jacob Coxey, was imprisoned for 20 days.The depression caused by the Panic of 1893 lasted for about four years, ending in 1897. Legacy of 19th Century Financial Panics The economic problems of the 19th century periodically caused pain and misery and it often seemed that the federal and state governments were powerless to do anything. The rise of the progressive movement was, in many ways, a reaction to earlier financial panics. In the first decades of the 20th century financial reforms made economic collapses less likely, yet the Great Depression showed that the problems could not be easily avoided.

Unit 3 -IP- Samples Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 3 -IP- Samples - Essay Example In order to test whether the two variables have the same means, a two – sample, two – sided t – test must be performed. The two - tailed test is used because the concern is not whether some variable has a larger or lower mean, but whether the two means are different. As a result, the null hypothesis was established in equation (1) below, stating that the difference in means of the two samples is random. Since the sample sizes are relatively small, the t – test is used as the preferred test (Baltagi, 2008, p.31). The confidence interval is constructed in order to test this hypothesis. The confidence set with confidence level must be determined such that the true difference of the sample means is included in this set. What this implies is that the confidence set will include the true difference of population means with probability â€Å"at least † (Paolella, 2011, p. 13), as shown in equation (3) below: The confidence level chosen is 0.95, which implies that the corresponding confidence set will contain the true population mean difference with 95% probability (Paolella, 2011, p.13). The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is as a result 5% (Baltagi, 2008, p.21). This error is denoted as type I error. The larger the confidence interval, the larger the probability that the null hypothesis will be accepted when it is in fact false (Baltagi, 2008, p.22). This error is denoted as type II error. A t – score must be calculated by subtracting the sample means and dividing by the square root of the adjusted population variances, which can be estimated through sample variances. There are in total degree of freedom (Neustadl, n.d.). The resulting t – value is  ± 2.009, which is also the critical region (Dawson, 2012;Ruud, 2000, p.224). The t – test can be seen in equation (4) below: The t – test is preferred because of the data dependence. Both variables have in common the type of

The Impact of Social Media and Viral Marketing on the Film Industry Essay - 1

The Impact of Social Media and Viral Marketing on the Film Industry - Essay Example of the most recent development in the field of marketing, but some of its components such as social media and viral marketing have been of the most considerable significance to marketing. In the current global society, the use of social media and viral marketing is arguably an effective means of getting consumers (Griffith, 2011). Social media in this specific case can be described as internet based technologies designed to foster social interaction between individuals or organisations that facilitate effective communication links. Viral marketing can be viewed as internet based buzz-marketing techniques that strive to attain brand awareness by way of viral processes such as internet memes and memetics. One of the common ways it can be delivered is through word of mouth, but can also be enhanced by network effects (Mills, 2012). This approach to marketing is distinguished by the fact that those who initially acquire the information are urged to communicate it to others. The SPIN framework is conceived by Mills as a four stage process that can see to it that the two marketing approaches discussed above are as effective as possible. The four stages comprise of spreadability, propagativity, integration, and nexus (SPIN). The stages are aligned in order of execution so as to attain maximum marketing results. Spreadability is an attribute that define the desirable nature of the campaign meant to be spread on the internet platform. It can be further be described by two terms; likeable and shareable. The use of social media and viral marketing has become effective means of marketing predominantly because they are extensively used by the prospective customers. However, there are few barriers that restrict marketers from reaching all this audience. Hence, the campaign that is launched by the marketers has to exhibit likeability and ‘shareability’ to incite those it reaches first to like and share it. The ultimate audience reached in such a case is commendable (Mills,

In what way did the use of nuclear weapons against Japan change Essay

In what way did the use of nuclear weapons against Japan change international relations - Essay Example The first use of atomic bomb symbolized the ever widening gap between mans dynamic progress in the attainment of destructive capacity through science and technology and his corresponding lack of progress in area of peace and security. In his message to congress President Truman on October in 3 1943 stated that; ‘International relations as in domestic affairs, release of atomic energy constitutes a new force to revolutionary to consider in framework of old ideas. (Viner, 1946 p 53). The use of nuclear weapons meant that that nations were the only genuine international actors as well as the only foundation for national defence since states in the nuclear power had ability to annihilate one another, none of the states would be willing to pick up a nuclear risk for another one, since its every survival would be at stake. Secondly no state could fully trust one another. Nuclear bipolarity forced all states that were non –nuclear to line up in their respective blocks, and prev ented legitimate emergence of other nuclear actors. Nuclear weapons and threat had an influence on how states and statement acts. For these reasons the use of nuclear weapons would not, could not and will not be ignored. (Lewis, 1999. p225) International relation as a system of interaction between nations underwent major changes. From the end of the Second World War up to the end of cold war in 1991 several issues gained prominence in the international relations. These are; strengthened existence of non state actors as vital players in international relations, energy, environment, terrorism, globalization, communication and revolution. Although the world become unipolar as the United States remained the only super power. The present international relations became more interdependent due to spread of globalization and international trade, information technology evolution, terrorism and environmental degradation. States started to seek cooperation from other states and compete with ea ch other as they became largely dependent with each other. (aneek chaterjee, 2010 p7) After the bombing of Japan, they surrendered and this led to the end of the Second World War. This was seen by many in Britain as blessing in disguise as it provided a unique rapture in the international relations and provided an opportunity for its reconstruction into a peaceful and lasting form. He focus shifted in united nation organisations and allied agencies. (The Journal American History published, 2011) Use of nuclear weapons haunted every international conference and treaties.First and vital cause of use of nuclear weapons against the Japan led to the cold war. â€Å"Cold war was a product of clash between Soviet Union and American Ideologies and stuggle for advantage between the two and the personality of John Stalin†( Colin S Gray 2007). In addition it caused a split to the second world wars allies especially between the United States and the Soviet Union. There two issues that st rained the relationship of the United States and Soviet Union: the secrecy of manufacturing the atomic bomb and the sequential dropping of the bomb in Japan. Soviet Union viewed this as betrayal of trust between the two super powers. This became the beginning of mutual suspicion and mistrust that led to mutual distrust between the two nations. United States continued to enjoy the monopoly of

Differences Between Good And Bad Leaders

Differences Between Good And Bad Leaders A leader is a person from a group of people who is prominent because of his/her skills and personality and these qualities of make others follow him. Great leaders are visionary as they can predict about the future changes in accordance to that particular goal or objective. A major sign of a leader is that he/she has ability and skills of motivating a group of people to achieve a common goal. In business the leaders have the same job to perform. They have to interlink companys goals by merging the peoples wishes because a group of people cannot achieve anything unless or until they have a common objective. In order to fulfill those objectives they would be requiring someone to motivate them and boost their energy level. A common direction has to be set by the leader for other to follow. He has to be organized and provide justice to his employees. Even organizations/companies are likely to fall apart in seek of its goals or objectives without a sufficient help of a leader. Infect role of a leader is one of the most important roles in the organization. He bears heavy responsibility to keep the company on track in terms of its objectives. Employees of certain level always want to follow someones footsteps in order to achieve their goals. A great leader can provide them this opportunity by setting an example by him. A good visionary leader can be very beneficial for the company as he/she can warn the company for upcoming hazards. He can also build a strategy against the upcoming challenges since he has sensed them ahead of time. It would allow company to have enough time to rethink on the strategy and prepare them for the hard times. If we refer to the previous history of the World, we will see the examples of a few of Good Leaders and a lot of Bad Leaders. A few Good Leaders because we are declining rapidly to over fall due to our overall Human Behavior in the Society and we do not have such qualities to deliver Good Leader to in abundant, to the World A lot of bad Leaders because greed of men and low tolerance with others in this rapidly falling Society in our overall Human Behavior is bound to produce Bad Leaders. But still we are manage to produce one or two or may be dozen good Leaders in the last century. Lets see why they were good leaders and why millions of us followed them in terms of their exceptional Leadership qualities Effective Leader A good leader is a person who has an exemplary character. It is of utmost importance that a leader is trustworthy to lead others. A leader needs to be trusted and be known to live their life with honestly and integrity. A good leader walks the talk and in doing so earns the right to have responsibility for others. True authority is born from respect for the good character and trustworthiness of the person who leads. Like the Prophets, they were a true symbol of exemplary character. Life before the claim was neat and spotless because they spend their lives according to the rules of purity, honesty and Truthfulness. Moreover Good leaders are tolerant of ambiguity and remain calm, composed and steadfast to the main purpose. Storms, emotions, and crises come and go and a good leader takes these as part of the journey and keeps a cool head and in the times when nations pass through difficult hours, these exceptional leadership qualities helps the nation pass that difficult time with great courage, steadfastness calmness. There are three main things that make a good leader. The first is that a leader must practice what he preaches. The second is that he has to look after and protect those around him. The third is that he must be able to develop other good leaders. I will go into more detail about how to implement all three of these characteristics, so that you too can become a good leader. A good leader is excellent at practicing what he preaches. I love the quote that states, Your actions speak so loud that I cant hear what you are saying. The greatest leader of all time was Jesus Christ and he was the best at practicing what he preached. This goes back to the old proverb that says, Live by the sword, die by the sword. This is the same with leadership and how much a leader abides by what he says. As a good leader, how can you expect people do what you say, when you dont even do what you say? Personal example My personal example for good leader is my Dad. He owns a hardware store in Toronto and I had learned a lot from him. He is always very organized, patience and a good example for me. He is open hearted in its action and always response in kind to difficult situation. He is very reasonable for his employees and this why I learned a lot from him Poor Leader This society has been very generous in producing bad leaders in abundant if we see the examples of our current political so called leader. Their negative approach to pass through the time of crises and their destructive thinking has brought this world at the brink of destruction. It is with their blessings that we as in a state of war for the last Hundred years. At this point, there rise a lot of questions that why they become bad leaders and why they have brought us at the state of War. Here are a few point which can solve all our questions that come into our vary minds. Very much the opposite of a good Leader, a bad leader is a person who does not possess the quality and guts to grab the hand of his nation in the time crises. And bad leaders do not have such vision and qualities to take the nation through difficult times because they lack in their innovative and analytical thinking to solve the problem their nation face at the time of crises. They spend their kingly life as they do not care about the needs and problem of their nation. At the times when a nation falls due to economic crises, they do not lower their standards of daily life and they do not care about the nation. A bad leader does not share the bad time with his nation and he continues to live comfortable life. Nothing makes him special, because he is not known for his virtues and good abilities. He is always known as a notorious person who does not care for the Needs of his nation. Unfortunately for us all, bad leaders occupy positions of power in business and government. There are seven major traits of bad leader. And leaders fully loaded with such traits can make the life of their nation a living Hell and these traits with little definitions are as follows:- Incompetent Leaders: Someone who is not competent to take effective action. Rigid Leaders: The leader and at least some followers are stiff and unyielding Intemperate Leaders: The leaders who cannot stand the theology of his neighbor and want to impose his own thoughts by force. Callous Leaders: A callous Leader is the one who is indifferent to the suffering of others. Corrupt Leaders: Leaders who misuse the power and position and utilize the resources and wealth in his possession in an ugly manner. Insular Leaders: The Insular Leaders do not have knowledge and awareness of his surroundings. He is unaware of the happenings around the world. Like he is living in the cave for centuries. Evil Leaders: Evil Leaders use their thinking in an Evil manner; they possess destructive thinking, and utilize the powers and resources in criminal activities. Personal example Bad leader was my boss Mr Anthoney. He was very lazy. He use to steal pizzas from work place and thats what created a bad example for rest of employees and this also cost company too much money even he wasnt a good example for a company because he never thinks about the whole team or a company he just think about himself. Who is the best leader from articles and why? I would like to choose Mr. Jim Goodnight as the best CEO through all the articles we studied because he was a great leader with great vision for the company. His strategies were extremely positive and influential for employees. He wanted to create an environment where employees would like to work and be more productive for the company. He was very motivated and supportive to his employees. According to him When I joined SAS, I wanted to be in and help grow a company that was as much fun for the employees as it was for the ownership (Pfeffer 1998) and this is the perfect example of great CEO. He wanted to make SAS instuite a perfect place to work. He uses to believe in intrinsic motivation of employees. He treats his employees with respect because he knew that they are the future of the company. Even for his employees he introduced so many benefits such as provided onsite medical facility for employees so they dont have to go and search for doctors. Even doctor fee was covered till fi rst dollar by the company or onsite child care centre for employee children so they can see them during their lunch breaks. Even junior high school onsite so they can drop of their children to work easily. Theses all facilities were very essential because beside them he also provided onsite gym and many other facilities. For employees it was more like fun place to work they use to bring their family during weekends to SAS ground for BBQ and stuff. Even he uses to motivate his employees. He wanted them to work at their best and this is why SAS employees turnover rate was lower than 4%. He wanted to create more convenient work environment for employees such he eliminated commission based culture for SAS because he wanted his employees to be more customer oriented then just making numbers. This is he inspired me so much. There were many other good leaders as well such as Jack Welch from General Electric who introduces strategies to eliminated bureaucratic strategies to make his employe es more productive or Wolfgang Schmitt from Rubber Maid article who created an positive structure so company and be more efficient but they all worked majorly to increased the revenue of the company and solely My Jim Goodnight was the one who worked for his employees. What changes was he able to affect at GE? Jack Welch was the CEO of General Electric for almost two decades. In 1981 when he came on board the company was struggling through many issues but with his calm and steady nature he was able to save General Electric and uphold it to the position where the company is at now. He was one of the great leaders like Charli Eitel at Simmons Corporation, a leader who supports his company and adopts strategies to save company from any difficult situation. He adopted many strategies to bring change as General Electric. Structural Changes His focus was to come up with strategies to save the company and the best strategies he can adopt was first changing the organizational structure. There were about 10 groups of sub companies with 46 divisions, and 190 departments with 43 strategic business units. This structure was creating massive work load for Welch therefore he decided to introduce more effective structure like Rubber Maid company did in 1980s. He removed barriers between CEO and business by eliminating Sector position from SBU Structure. According to him there should be more direct communication between corporate executives and business. He didnt want to create a huge distance between management and employees unlike Nut Island where employers had no connection with employees. Welch wanted to eliminate all the sectors so he can be more close to the business. Cultural Changes Cultural changes were the second most import changes what Welch bought in General Electric. He tried to introduce cultural change where there was more freedom for employees so they can express their opinion and be more productive for the company. Therefore the first thing he did was eliminated bureaucracy in the organization. He wanted to create flexible rules for employees like SAS Institute had for their employees. Their employees were working in an open environment where every employee is allowed to make a suggestions and management will value their opinion. Even according to Welch he wanted to create a culture of a small company a place where all felt engaged and everyone had voice (Levy, Wonzy, 2005). This was a positive approach to the benefit the company for long term. HOW did he make those changes? Welch made numerous changes once he came to a board to work for General Electric. First 1981 to next five years he worked on organizing the organizational structure and for that he lay off almost half of the companys employees because he wanted to cut the size of employees so he can give company a proper direction. Due to his extensive employee lay off magazine names him a Neutron Jack, (Levy, Wonzy, 2005) which means that wherever he goes his employees were vanished from there in a large quantity. After being done with creating a proper structure he started to work on development of the company. Establishing a sense of importance He developed sense of urgencys for employees. Make them realize that this is the requirement of business and without them they wont be able to survive in the business. Such their first priority is restructuring of General Electric. He wanted his each business to be the number 1 competitor in industry or if they cant make it then they will sell that business. Forming effective leadership team: In late 1980s during the second stage of the Rocket, Welch convinced his employees to become better leader so they can be productive for the company. He initiated `Software called Work-Out and Best Practices. Work out: It was introducing a forum so employees and employers can input their opinion in that website so they can avoid unusual bureaucratic issues. Welch invited managers and employees into New England town meetings for three days where employees from can come up with particular analyses and recommendations regarding their department and then their bosses have to make instant responses. This process was introduce to clean up General Electric and, to make workers more productive by avoiding unusual bureaucratic style. Regarding his this approach Bloomberg article mentioned that Jack put his time and energy into developing people (Levy, Wonzy, 2005). Best practice: This was his second method of learning from other companies so General Electric managers can learn how to achieving higher productivity growth. He wanted to create an environment of small collaborative teams so that employers can focus on developing effective strategies rather than controlling individual activity. Besides they can also focus on treating suppliers as partner so they both can perform well also emphasize on constant development to increase their productivity. These two were important steps to overcome the existing bureaucratic style and adopt new productive ways to be successful in a business. Create a vision of what the organization will become Welch changed a company structure and culture by going global. He introduced how global market can influence the culture. Going Global: Going global was a major decision that took place in era of Welch because once they had solid base at home they really moved forwarded into competing with world market. This was changing of culture and adapting of new market structure. They decided to use same strategies for international market as they used for local such as either #1 or #2 competitor or disengaged. Developing Leadership: Leadership also had a huge influence on cultural structure of a company. He is the one who had to lead the company along with 290,000 employees. It is his job to maintain the smooth transitions at work. Usually Leaders working in a huge corporation does really work hard because it comes with a job security of lifetime. This is why its their duty to create an environment where people can perform their best. According to Welch leadership can be characterized in 4 ways, first who perform their duties- fulfill financial obligations and share values of the company. Second who does not fulfill their duties and does not share our values. Third who forget about commitments but does share values of a company. Fourth who does fulfill their duties, give significant profit to the company but never share values and they are the most difficult one but since they do perform very well its hard to find them. They also work on 360Â ° feedback process from employees and accordin g to Welch people are removed for having the wrong values, (Levy, Wonzy, 2005) he insisted. We dont even talk about the numbers. (Levy, Wonzy, 2005) He explains what he is looking for is productive managers not people who just value numbers. Creating a vision Boundary less Behavior: According to Welch he wanted to create a vision for the company a vision that state in the 1990s: The Third Wave of General Electric. Over here he initiated a boundary less behavior vision for his employees. He wanted to introduce open, anti-parochial environment. (Levy, Wonzy, 2005) This is basically having an open environment where every employee without regards to their salary or position can share their ideas. They want to be comfortable doing business all over the world such as they explained in the article. They want to be as comfortable doing business in Budapest as they do in Louisville USA. Stretch: This is basically striving to achieve impossible. Over here manager are liable to set higher and unrealistic goals for their department and then try to achieve them. If they fail to react they wont be accountable for it although if they meet that extra ordinary goal then they will be rewarded. Service Businesses: Welch really prioritizes this issue in 1980,s he showed interest in service related companies. Before that they were the last priority of the company. Once he showed some interest and invested money in it they came up with the software called In Site for CT scanners and MRI equipment. It was basically a sensor installed in those equipments so they can maintain the service standard of that product. This whole investment on GE turned the whole pyramid upside down. Empower other to take action This process is to communicate and improve the vision on the company so they can make it a better place to work and this procedure started in the last decade of Welch employment. Six Sigma Strategies: This strategy was used to empower employees so they can work up the standards of the company. This happened in 1994 when employees were facing problems due to poor quality of its products and processes so Welch introduced this strategy from Motorola Corporation. It was a performance scale which is used to eliminate the unnecessary actions from the working process. According to Grey Rainer, Vice president of Development process this happened to be (Levy, Wonzy, 2005) the biggest opportunity for growth, increased profitability, and individual employee satisfaction in the history of our company. (Levy, Wonzy, 2005) It was a well developed plan which helped General electric in eliminating operating at error of rates 10,000 times the 6 Sigma level. Inspire and celebrate small wins Once the company performing better and according to the requirement of Welch, he was pleased to see their performance and felt that he had assembled a first class of leaders. Keep interest and effort on further improvement This effort was for the continuous improvement of the company because he still wanted to progress more because he wanted to set standards for future employees and the employees who dont meet the standards so far. He introduced a scale for them a term called A player with 4 Es. According to him a player is someone who had a great vision of leadership, great energy to motivate employee and implement strategies and courage to change the culture. Four Es Four Es consist the following: Energy: Encourage new ideas and apply strategy to implement them Energize: Motivate others by his overwhelming enthusiasm to believe in new idea. Edge: it is basically making through all the difficulties Execution: it is a consistent ability to turn idea into results. Institutionalize changes; reduce leader dependencies As he was leaving the organization he made the final changes. Before leaving he introduced the e-business so that company can adopt this new business technology as well. This was his finally effort to change the culture because he believes in continuity and he knew it takes a decade to make any new strategy actually work. Was he successful or unsuccessful (or both) at making these changes-and why do you say that He was extremely successful in changing the organizational culture and structure of General Electric because he gave the company a whole new direction to work on. The company generated 23% annual profit and this shows he was a great leader. Changes he made for the company shows he was successful in making and implementing all his goals and strategies which he promised a decade ago with his employees. How did Welch change and leverage culture at GE to achieve his objectives while CEO? He introduced new cultures which eliminated the bureaucracy from the system so employees can work accordingly. He introduced Workout and Best Practice strategies so he can eliminate the distances between management and employers. This gave employees opportunity to argue on any fact especially if they can make any difference and this action saved millions of dollars of the company. He really supported his employees SAS Institute where he tried his best to come up with strategies to make the company more pleasant place to work. He even created a broader vision for a company by going global this way he gave his employees opportunity to compete with other nations and make work more challenging for them. Then he enforced his employees in developing appropriate leadership skills to be successful in business environment. It was his job to create a positive vision for the company and that is what he did. He worked all by his honesty and integrity to save the company by changing organizationa l culture and structure. He even introduce a Boundary less behaviors strategy and this was the key point of his success because it gave his employees opportunity to share ideas all across the company without the limitation or without distinct of origin. Everyone was free to participate in company decisions and that was a truly success of changing of environmental culture. Also he adopts Stretch Strategy to give his employees a new vision of success so they can think beyond the boundaries of facts and actual figures and try to achieve them. He adopted sig sigma and four Es strategies to show his employees how to improve themselves if they ever lose track and this all results in enormous success of the company. Citation: Nut Island: Levy, P.F. (2001). The nut island effect. When Good Teams Go Wrong, General Electric; (Levy, Wonzy, 2005) Levy, P.F, Wonzy, M. (2005). GEs two decade transformation: jack Welchs leadership. Hardware Business School, Hurley, R.F. (2006). Decision to trust. Harvard Business School, Eight ways to built collaborative teams Grattan, Erickson, 2007) Grattan, Erickson, 2007 Grattan, L, Erickson, T.J. (2007). Eight ways to build collaborative teams Harvard Business Review, SAS: ( Pfeiffer, 1998) Pfeiffer, J. (1998). SAS institute: GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS,

Language: Origins Of Hate :: essays research papers

Language: Origins of Hate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The horrors of mass murder can be made bearable if the intended victim is made to appear an object that deserves extermination.† As the main thesis of this essay clearly and straight-forwardly sedgiest, the author plans to probe the tools of mass destruction. More particularly, Friedmann hopes to explore the annihilation of his own people, the Jews. Opposed to popular belief, the gas chambers and concentration camps played a relatively minor role in mass destruction, the Nazis used â€Å"propagandists,† they â€Å"resorted to terminology that had been utilized earlier to render Jews subhuman.† More directly, the Nazis employed language. Through language they convinced themselves and each other that â€Å"Jews are a lower species of life† thereby justifying their demise. Friedman argues that we as a society must be conscious of such verbal derangement and seize to advocate and support still remaining demeaning clichà ©s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is easy to point the finger of blame at a particular group of people residing at a particular nation, but that would be grossly incorrect and pointless. The truth of the matter is, â€Å"the Nazis resorted to terminology that had been utilized much earlier to render Jews subhuman.† Friedman brings up the name of Martin Luther, history’s character that is usually viewed as a hero. The man who posted the 95 thesis on a church door and triggered the reformation of the corrupt institution of Christianity, is describing a race o people as â€Å"a plague and a pestilence.† So the Nazis actions may have been to a higher degree, but were never original.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interestingly enough, an uncanny parallel is drawn. Germans contracted bio-chemical plats specializing in insecticides to produce Zyklon B, a potent gas that was used to kill Jewish prisoners in high numbers. Zyklon B is essentially a potent can of â€Å"Raid.† First they labeled these people â€Å"vermin,†Ã¢â‚¬Å"lice† and â€Å"bacilli,† and then appropriately â€Å"fumigated them dead.† After all â€Å"is not extermination the deserved fate of all vermin?† Ironically, the Nazis discussed these gas chambers as showers, places that sedgiest cleanliness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Friedman goes on to e..plain that from ancient times, Jew as a word has meant â€Å"praised,† and it is a name of the greatest of the twelve tribes of Israel. Never mind the people themselves for a minute, the name itself has a rich history. Today however, the same word, consisting of the same letters comprised in the same order, had taken up a different, more degrading meanings, in our vocabulary.

Fast Food Industry

I Source: Food and Agro Business Monitor, October 2001; Company websites; News articles One testament to the windows of opportunity and growth in the industry is the rise of Mango ‘nasal, the country's fastest growing barbecue fast food chain, which after only eight years, is already 390 stores strong as of July 2011. Despite the presence of industry giants and having been established first in the Visas, Mango ‘nasal has shown that there is enough room for new players given the right product at the right price. As in the past, Jollied sensed an opportunity and acquired a controlling share of Mango ‘nasal.On the other hand, Jollied sold its Deliverance business unit and stopped operations of its carrier-inspired food chain Mango Epee stores, which will eventually be converted to its other brands. Owing to the popularity of coffee hops and the Filipinos growing penchant for drinking coffee, Jollied also entered the coffee shop business through a Korean-based restauran t brand, Cafe It-ammo. It was launched in 2010 and has already three branches offering Goleta and coffee in a business as a strategy to gain market share and offer a less expensive but quality coffee experience.Most of the other major players in the industry have also expanded led by Pizza Hut, McDonald's, and Shakes. Some Jollied mandolin's stores in Metro Manila are undergoing renovation to improve store appearance/image and better serve its customers. Chicken many KEF slowed down partially due to the effects of the Asian financial crisis to the Armco Group but it has since recovered. In 2008, Armco acquired Tokyo Tokyo, the country's leading Japanese fast food chain. Armco also owns the master franchise of Mister Donuts in the country which has over a thousand shops nationwide.Products, Variety, and Value-addition The major traditional types of fast food chains are still the hamburger chains, chicken houses, pizza/pasta parlors and Chinese food chains. However, other fast food ch ains are catching up like the donuts chains, coffee shops, barbecue houses, bakeshops and Filipino food chains. While the food offerings in fast food stores are essentially within the type for which the chain was established, the available products are already a mix of food items wherein the banner product may not be the most popular. Jolliness's Chicken]oh, for instance, may be as popular if not more popular than its Hamburger.It also has Filipino dishes like beef tap (smoked beef),longhairs (local pork sausage), and crispy Bangui (militias). Chocking, a Chinese fast food, has also Filipino food like benevolentness, kangaroo (water spinach), longhairs, beef tap and halo-halo. McDonald's, a burger chain, also has longhairs in its menu. Roasted chicken chain Kenny Rogers, for its part, offers other food items for the health conscious like roast chicken, healthy plate, high protein meal, high fiber meal, low calorie meal, grilled chicken/sausage/fish meals, and vegetable salads.KEF, P izza Hut,Shakes, and Wend's also have vegetable salads in their menu. Wend's was first to offer a salad bar and the first fast food to enter into a memorandum of agreement with the Department of Health in support of its Healthy Lifestyle Campaign. There is also continuous new product development eke Cuff's Double Down (all-meat, no-bun sandwich), Wend's shrimp sandwich and abstractor, Showing's Chinese-style fried chicken, and Jolliness's crunchy chicken burger, sweet and sour meatballs and chicken nugget crunchers.Part of product development is seasonal offerings especially during Lent, when people try to fast and abstain from meat. Some products that come out at this time are tuna pie and fish twister. Other than the product mix and variety, fast food chains also offer affordable alternatives for the budget-conscious. The price of the budget items can range from a low of POP. O for a Burger McCoy or apple pie, POP. O for Jolliness's beef with mushrooms and rice to a high of POP. O for Cuff's Wow Slit Meal of I-piece chicken, rice, and regular drink (Table 3). Table 3.Value for Money Food Items, July 2011 | Company I Budget Food Items I Price (PH) I Jollied I Rice Meal errs, Value Meals | 39. 00 – 55. 001 Chocking I Value Kings, combo Kings 1 29. 00-87. 001 Mango ‘nasal I Slit Meals, Built Meals | 49. 00 | McDonald's I Value Meals, Massacre Meals, Everyday Massacres | 25. 00 – 55. 00 | KEF I wow Burger, wow slit Meals 1 30. 00-89. 001 Wend's I super value Menu | 37. 0 – 62. 001 Source: Company websites; internet search Over the years, fast food chains have also added a new value to their relationship with loyal customers with the use of patronage cards.Some of these cards include Shakes Pizzicato Supercargo, Pizza Hut's Palm card, Angel Pizza's Privilege card, mandolin's Midnight card. For the pizza chains, the card allows the customer to buy one box of pizza and take one box for free. On the other hand, the Midnight card allows cus tomers to get free items on orders from 12:01 am to 3:59 am. The promotions are valid only within a prescribed period. A Still Growing Industry A number of factors and strategies, both external and internal to the fast food industry, are contributing to its continuing growth.Boos The growth of the business process outsourcing (BOO) industry has enhanced the eating out habits in the country as Episcopalian have a 2417 work schedule. Major fast food chains have adapted to this changing lifestyle with a 2417 restaurant business hours in strategic locations close to the Boos. McDonald's and Wend's were one of the pioneers in the 2417 delivery service. Given the company websites, there is also the facility of ordering on line and allowing fast foods in Backbone and Twitter.Locations expansion of malls and supermarkets around the country is another plus factor for the fast food industry. The on-going and planned Allay, Purebred, Robinsons, Shoppers and SMS establishments will be providing the space and foot traffic for the fast food chains' expansion. Pricing Value pricing or value meals will continue to be a strategy for fast food chains, as surveys still indicate low prices as a reason for choosing a fast food restaurant. Another price proposition is the unlimited rice promotion of some stores like Mango nasal, Tokyo Tokyo, and recently, Tropical Hut.Movie tie-ins Another strategy to stimulate frequent store visits is the fast food tie-in promotion of hit movies with the offering of limited edition gadgets, collectibles, and food items like Captain America in Jollied and Dunking' Donuts and Transformers in KEF. McDonald's is also offering Coca Cola can glass collectibles. Branding Fast foods also use a sort of â€Å"multiple-branding† to draw more customers by offering a large number of items whereby several fast food chains are located side by side. This is the case of Jollied beside Chocking, Greenwich, and Red Ribbon.Chains like the Armco group have also started co-branding where a Mister Donuts kiosk is in a KEF store. Bank tie-ups As a meaner to increase patronage of credit cards, companies like the Bank of the Philippine Islands, Banc De ROR, and Metronome have tied-up with some fast food stores where customers can redeem promotional freebies based on amount charged to their credit card. The fast food stores include Jollied, Chocking, Mango ‘nasal, Backlog ‘nasal, Goldbricks, Greenwich, and Pizza Hut. This win-win scheme is expected to enhance repeat usage for credit card companies as well as increased sat food store visits.Value propositions some fast food stores provide newspapers and free Wi-If internet connection. Many chains are also remodeling their facilities; expanding their selection of desserts, beverages, snacks and breakfast items; adding grilled items; reducing fat and sodium; and catering to customers with diabetes or gluten intolerance. Some chains, particularly in developed countries, are also caterin g to a broader range of customers with hall-only or kosher food in their menu. Major companies have also set up foundations which implement their corporate social responsibility initiatives.Prospects There is a lot of optimism and positive outlook as expressed by major players. Jollied Foods Corporation has revised its target upwards in 2011, and plans to open 160 stores in the country across all its brands. The company is looking at a 12-15 percent growth for the year with expected brisk sales and lower raw materials cost, and provided there will be no major spikes in inflation and petroleum prices. Mango ‘nasal for its part is targeting to hit 500 stores by 2012. McDonald's is planning to build 20-30 stores every year in the next five years.For instance, artificial strawberry flavor food The regular consumption of Junk food is the leading factor in obesity and excess weight. Obesity is second only to smoking as a cause of death in America. 46 percent of Canadian adults are e ither overweight or obese, with obesity in children increasing threefold over the past two decades. Consumption of soft drinks containing sugar has been linked to weight gain and an increased risk for development of Type 2 diabetes. Studies have revealed that obese people have wick the rate of chronic health problems as people of normal weight.This includes 100-percent greater chance of developing Type 2 diabetes, 50-percent increased likelihood of developing heart disease. Obese men are nearly 90 percent more likely to get colon cancer. Junk food diet is a major cause of heart diseases. High cholesterol resulting from Junk food puts undue strain on the liver, causing long-term damage to this essential organ. Research has suggested that diets high in fat may also impair essential brain functions, like concentration and memory. The nun food facts about soft drinks alone are alarming. Fast Food Industry Sharp makes use of illustration in â€Å"Berger Queen† in several body paragraphs.   Her overall thesis is that McDonald’s really isn’t that bad of a job and she’s actually enjoyed it, so when she went from a pre-med major to an English major, her life did not get any worse.   In paragraph two, she again uses narration, as in paragraph three.   In paragraph four is where Sharp begins to utilize Illustration to back up her points.   The topic sentence, â€Å"†¦respect for the workers of the fast food industry is lost among most adults†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is supported by several examples, one being, â€Å"†¦grown men driving Lincoln Town cars have bickered with me for five minutes over a measly ten cent increase in the price of an egg mcmuffin.†Paragraph five goes into further illustration of the point made in paragraph four.   Paragraph six also uses illustration.   The topic sentence, â€Å"A small portion of our patrons are so con fused that there is really nothing to do but wait for them to leave† is supported by, â€Å"my most prominent example†¦is the infamous snack attack lady, who ordered hotcakes and sausage during our 90-second- guaranteed-service hour and then ate her breakfast right outside the drive-thru window.†Ã‚   Paragraph seven also incorporates illustration.   The topic sentence, â€Å"there are some great customers out there† is supported by the explanation of those great customers and what they do, â€Å"If I missed a day of work, I would return to inquiries about my health and concern that all was well.†Ã‚  The first paragraph is a narrative and uses dialog to express her point and to draw the reader into the story