Reaction Paper on Game Theory Essay

Game Theory is undeniably new to me. Its concept is just so brilliant that it made me rethink how I ought to see a business’ road to success. In the past, my key idea of winning in the industry was by toppling down competitors, and rising as the sole survivor in the war. Plainly, it’s a winner-take-all perspective. The real target was to capture the entire market then. After reading the theory and the cases suitably alluded to, realizations came to me that I’m way too far from the wisdom good strategists possess. Way too far from making it to the corporate executives’ seat. Way too far from a business’ lifelong success. For Filipinos, it’s always been a â€Å"here-and-now† match. Typically overlooked are the impacts of strategies in the long run, and how competitors and other players in the game would tend to respond. Game theory offers the notion of coopetition — cooperative and competitive ways to change the game. The primary insight of game theory is focusing on others — namely allocentrism. It further states that the game of business is all about value: creating it and capturing it. Many are the so-called mental traps that must be killed in order that one be set for the game or set to change it. We often think that it’s hard and it’s beyond our competencies to dare change the game, and that we should do just what others do — only in a differently-tailored fashion. We go with the flow and no new routes are shaped to arrive at a better position and standing for us and the other players as well. Just like the Zero-Sum View, we tend to see winning only at the loss of another. Because of these delusions, the scales in our eyes gets even thicker and we finally end up blinded from seeing the bigger picture, the whole game. To be able to use game theory as a tool in strategizing, I recognized that it cannot be used without sufficient knowledge in economics. Given a particular action, the players that get affected and would react are to be properly determined. The cause and effect relationship among them must also be linked as it should be. Rational reasoning and forecasting entails academic competence on the subject to enable you to see the domino effect of your decision to others and back to your company. The business game is really like chess. Sometimes you have to give in or even sacrifice some of your aces to obtain a greater advantage or to make a draw at the very end. At times, you must delay a couple of moves to maintain advantage or stay equal with the opponent just like what Nintendo did. Being egocentric must be done away with and altered to focusing on others to facilitate a win-win situation for both parties. An opponent may retaliate or be unwilling to cooperate in the future if one’s strategy always seeks out the highest payoffs at the cost of the other player. That’s the mindset of Kiwi that kept it alive in the game. Also, you must raise your own added value or lower that of others and consider that the role of every player in the game is not fixed. In spite of its applicable purposes, game theory cannot be said to be the perfect treasure map. There will always be creases that would simply be left out unpressed. Be flexible and ready for changes.

Learning Team Collaboration Worksheet Essay

1. What are the advantages of having diversity in a collaborative learning environment? The point of any collaboration is to bring together different ideas for one solution. By exchanging opinions, everyone can decide what works best for the group. When too many like minded people come together, they dole out the same product. If a group contains all organizers or thinkers, they might have a 10 page paper of all conflicting ideas because they couldn’t agree on one topic. History’s bloodiest events usually started with one group of likeminded people pushing their ideas onto the rest of the world. 2. How might factors such as learning and work styles affect your team’s collaboration? Having a diverse set of people in a group can only improve it. Thinkers can look at a topic from all sides, which can help a team anticipate arguments and have an answer ready. Givers can be the voice of reason, helping the group stay on task when an organizer or thinker is stuck on a non consequential detail. Adventurers think outside the box, they may come up with the topic itself or can be counted on to liven up a stale presentation. Organizers are decisive; choosing what information stays, what gets tossed, where it fits, and how to best unify a paper. Like Henry Ford’s assembly line, each person has a role that has to be met for the product to be finished. 3. How can critical thinking improve your team’s collaboration? Being in a team can generate original and creative ideas, making for an interesting project. Critical thinking is the research and facts to uphold those ideas. This involves finding credible sources with valid facts. This question is kicking my butt! I’ll get it eventually. 4. What are methods for improving team writing? Prewriting is the longest step in the writing process, involving the overall topic of a project and all the research. This is where a team can contribute ideas and opinions, and a rough draft is formed. After this process is finished, the actual writing should be simple. The second draft could be written by one person to ensure that it stays in one voice throughout the paper. Then the team can review the draft and make changes as needed.

Bharti Enterprises

Ensuring that the look and feel of the store is as per guidelines/standards Ensuring/ reporting Inventory and Stock availability as per the norms to prevent stock-outs Provide suggestions /feedback to improve store productivity People Development / Team Management: Acting as a mentor and trainer for store staff To ensure daily roistering briefing to inbound outbound store staff Customer Experience: Manage staff allocation based on demand at point in time Personally step in to handle demanding customers Provide suggestions for improvements in CE 4. A. On Diversity and Cultural spread in Africa, As Africa consists of 53 countries, to operate successfully it is important to understand the dynamics of each country, including differences in culture, language and especially regulations. Bharti would do well to put in place as few expatriates as possible and have most of its top management from Africa. b. On Infrastructure sharing and cost / capital issues, The biggest driver of network sharing will be the shift in approach of the biggest operators, who had been unwilling to share network to sustain competitive advantage. There is visible network sharing in the markets of Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa, and that this is likely to pick up in other markets. c. On Bharti Airtel’s Minute Factor Model, Network sharing and IT outsourcing would help operators bring down costs. While costs could trend down, however they will be higher than in India because of some of the structural costs caused by power shortage and poor infrastructure. 5. Bharti Airtel has a history of making first moves and emerging as the winner just because of that. This is what built the company’s success in India, where it remains the top MNO and second-largest fixed-line operator. In fact, thanks to the massive market it serves at home, at the time it acquired the Zain portfolio in March 2010 Airtel was reckoned to be the fifth largest mobile operator in the world on a proportional subscriber basis, putting it behind the likes of China Mobile, Vodafone Group, American Movil and Telefonica, but ahead of China Unicom. As has been widely covered for over a year now, Airtel has been looking at Africa as a new growth market. While it has a deal with Vodafone for the Channel Islands, Africa is the only other territory outside the Indian subcontinent (including Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) that the company has entered. The commonalities are compelling: similar markets, needs and infrastructure. The realities on the ground are somewhat more challenging: logistics, legislative compliance and serious local competition being foremost. The logistics of infrastructure in Africa are an equal challenge for all MNOs. That is a given. Where Airtel might have been overly optimistic is in hoping its Africa model would run similarly to its success in India, based on a first-to-market approach and having some leverage to overcome legislative obstacles. Unfortunately, while Airtel has a 30-year history of being first in India (with pushbutton phones, cordless phones and then mobile), they were not first in Africa. There were major EU, Middle East and South African players there ahead of them. In fact, Airtel’s African expansion is largely thanks to its takeover of Kuwait’s Zain mobile operations in 15 countries. This was a beachhead, not a conquest. Zain only held dominant market share in a few countries. Going up against market leaders such as MTN of South Africa, Airtel applied a strategy of extensive cost cutting. This followed on what it achieved in India, cutting a deal with Ericsson for per-minute fees (rather than upfront payment) that enabled very low-cost call rates from the outset. Airtel has an all-Africa, five-year deal in place with Ericsson for network management that offers similar advantages. Elsewhere, Airtel is engaged with Nokia Siemens Networks and Huawei, not keeping all its eggs in one basket, of course. As a Plan B, possibly following on the indecisive outcome of Airtel’s low-cost invasion, the company has previously been negotiating a takeover of or (maybe) a joint venture with MTN itself. How this putative deal is described depends on which company is talking. This has been going on for some four years without a definitive ending. Even if it never happens, it is a signpost of just what Airtel would consider to get its Africa operations truly established.

To what extent did Allied strategic bombing have significant strategic Essay

To what extent did Allied strategic bombing have significant strategic effects on the successful outcome of the war (WWII) Did this Allied employment of air p - Essay Example nge of strategy in the later stages of the war was also responsible for the attainment of the political objectives of the war - to cripple Germany and destroy her continued occupation of territories in Europe, including her attacks on Britain. What Britain was unable to achieve on the political front in arresting German occupation of Europe, was however achieved through the change in the strategic bombing policy of the allied forces. Strategic bombing by allied air power was the decisive factor that led to victory for the allies in World War II. The change in the British war policies and the bombing effort was the direct effort of political pressures. One of these was the growing tide of British public opinion in favor of bombing of German cities, in the aftermath of 1940, when France fell to Germany. Another significant reason for the shift in policy to direct bombing of German cities was the pressure exerted by Stalin on the British, to open up a second front to allow for some relief on the German-Soviet frontlines. However, Clausewitz’s abstract theory of war is based upon the premise that war commanders must decide at the outset â€Å"the kind of war on which they are embarking†2 and politics and war cannot be mingled with each other; policy should not be the guiding force that influences military operations. If one looks at the political objectives of strategic bombing as the twin destruction of a country’s will to fight as well as its ability to produce materiel, the Allied missions between 1942 a nd 1944 were the hammer blows on German industry and morale. Had the Allies not developed their long-range fighters, or had they not decided to move their targets to large cities instead of small, industrial targets, the outcome might have been much different, even with the addition of the Eastern Front. This entailed a change in war policy that was directly the result of political pressures, disproving the notion that politics and war cannot be mingled with

An Animals Place by Michael Pollan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An Animals Place by Michael Pollan - Essay Example The paper tells that Michael Pollan introduces the interesting case of animal liberation at a time when eating animals, wearing animals, experimenting on animals, killing animals for sport etc have become common practices for humanity. The author has been highly effective in introducing the arguments of the people working for the liberation of animals. In a profound investigation of the arguments of people who plead for animal liberation, the author maintains that the most difficult animal rights challenge is posed by the killing of animals for meat and clothing. To Michael Pollan, the vexed question of animal suffering is whether human interest in eating animals outweighs their interest in not being eaten. â€Å"Whether our interest in eating animals outweighs their interest in not being eaten (assuming for the moment that is their interest) turns on the vexed question of animal suffering. Vexed, because it is impossible to know what really goes on in the mind of a cow or a pig or even an ape. Strictly speaking, this is true of other humans, too, but since humans are all basically wired the same way, we have excellent reason to assume that other people’s experience of pain feels much like our own.† Therefore, a reflective analysis of the article by Michael Pollan confirms that the author has been effective in examining the various aspects of the arguments made by the supporters of animal liberation and his major counter argument is that they reveal a profound ignorance about the workings of nature.

Changes in the Definition of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Changes in the Definition of Art - Essay Example It is a multidimensional meaningful education, in principle open to include new semantic elements generated by constantly continuing and transforming artistic and aesthetic experience of mankind, including the development of intercultural relations, communications, exchanges of technology, providing and supporting creativity and presentation of its products in the society. It is obvious that the definition of art has changed substantially over the last 100 years with the wide proliferation of museums, galleries, biennales, fairs, etc. This can be seen that people continue to ask what constitutes good art and how to understand that one art work is better than other one. In this case everyone should remember that art has a big variety of forms and interpretations; for instance, when classic art tends to be inclusive in resurrecting legacy of a bygone era, avant-garde, in spite of everything, is trying to break the last threads that bind it with its predecessors (Johnson, 1995). Using Marcel Duchamp in exemplification of changes we can mention that he challenged popular thoughts about what art actually is, making it more ‘comfortable’ or ‘functional’, but sometimes strange. Analyzing changes in art in the context of contemporary reality it is necessary to emphasize that the picture of contemporary art would be incomplete without the phenomenon of mass culture principally focused on the art market and mass production of ideologies of mass consciousness that lead to changes in understanding of the traditional term ‘aesthetic’.

Final Individual Share Performance Review Essay

Final Individual Share Performance Review - Essay Example The reason for choosing the company lies in the fact that it is one of the most well known financial companies in the UK. The report also recommends whether the nominal amount can be invested in Barclays for purchasing the shares and also sells it at the right time. Barclays Bank Plc. offers banking services to about 48 million customers and clients around the world by offering investing, lending and protecting their money. For more than 300 years it has worked as an expert in banking industry (Barclay, 2015b). Investing in Barclays is profitable as it aims at delivering return on equity to the customer, which is higher than the cost of equity (Barclay, 2015c). The future of the institution is based on the international banks, which has four core divisions such as Barclarcard, Personal and Corporate Banking, Investment Banking and Africa Banking (Barclay, 2015a). PEST analysis of banking industry in the UK is discussed henceforth, which helps in identifying the factors and may affect sustainability of Barclays Banks Plc. in the long run. The PEST analysis will help in determining whether the external environment will affect the business of Barclays, which will in turn reduce the rate of return on the investment of  £10,000. Political: The stability of UK government affects the business of Barclays to a great extent. Government interference is the key risk that can be encountered by the banking industry in the UK. Hence, like Barclays, other financial institutions such as HSBC and Morgan Stanley have the responsibility to abide by the rules that are formulated by the present government. Hence, the change in power has the ability to affect the business of the banks. Moreover, it is observed that the regulatory environment in the UK is unstable. The Basel rules based on the bank capital requires the banks to hold quality core tier capital equal to 10% of the assets, which is adjusted by risk (European Commission, 2015). Economic: The gross domestic

Democracy is the best form of goverment for all the world inhabitants Essay

Democracy is the best form of goverment for all the world inhabitants - Essay Example Researchers have noted that forms of government have been undergoing changes since the beginning of civilization, and that almost every form of government has been tried in almost every country.. Democracy provides ample time for the people to choose their leaders, and the leaders stand accountable for the growth and prosperity of the nation. The national government is bestowed with many powers and the powers of each state ultimately link to the national government in some form or the other. Democratic principles are formed which contain a body of tested and recognized laws for organizing and conducting human governments, under which the people constitute controlling power, and act by the elected leaders or agents. These laws are meant to safeguard peoples’ liberty, character, property, and pushing them towards prosperity when they are not involved in any form of criminal activity. These principles can be widely found in the American and European democracies. They have been mo dified and adopted by many other countries all over the world (Gillet H, R; 1-4). Over a period of time, democratic form has been proved as the best form, though not free from defects. The democratic form of government has more fragmentation, less control, and the risked exclusion. Thus, increasing complexity due to globalization of economy and society has contracted both the reach and degree of control (Kjaer M, A; 201). Another fact that cannot be overlooked is that democracy, theoretically, gives rise to virtuous principles and people. However, in practice, democracy actually nurtures all kinds of people like lovers of honor, property and even tyranny. Interests of people cannot be influenced much by democracy, though they get aligned to a common goal (Frank H, D, 182; Mansbridge, J. 3). Economic growth and literacy have been found to be very weak in the reign of democracy in many countries such as Latin America (Bowman, K; 66). Another area where democracy has least effect is

Civilizing savages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civilizing savages - Essay Example Like all the groups that will be discussed, the British behaved in culturally and an ethnically superior way to all native inhabitants; viewing them only as a source of trade and/or an obstacle in acquiring more land. Of all the colonizers, the French perhaps treated the Natives with more of a modicum of respect than did the Spanish or the British. This is not to say that they viewed them as their equals; they most certainly did not; however, the subjugation of the native population and forced removal of their lands was at least not a primary policy as it relates to the French. This determination can be seen by the money, time, effort, and lives expended by way of the Jesuit missionaries working to convert those tribes under French influence in and around Montreal and Quebec. As it relates to the Spanish, there existed a desire to convert the â€Å"saves† under their influence to Catholicism; however, it appears as if the first instinct was to utterly crush and decimate the po pulation before such efforts were attempting. To this end, entire civilizations were rendered defenseless as large numbers of the male population were massacred/maimed and others forced into bondage. Conversely, the final group that will be discussed is that of the Pennsylvania settlers. Although they were far from perfect, this multi-ethnic group composed of Dutch, Irish, English, Scotch, and French settlers established a settlement that no doubt took first prize with regards to its overall treatment of the native population.

Marketing cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing cases - Essay Example The main macro-economic factors that influenced the Target’s performance during that period were the economic and social conditions that existed among the consumers. Due to the economic recession in 2008, there was a high unemployment level and an increased inflation, which had a direct connection with the sales outcome of the company. Along with this, the purchasing power of the consumers began to deteriorate due to the decline in the income of the sizable households. With the company’s products being viewed as expensive ones, it further impacted Target’s revenues. However, Walmart showed a far better growth due to its cheaper prices strategy hindering the Target’s upscale products. The Target’s â€Å"pay less† strategy was a risky one as it has to sustain its high-quality. That is, even while coping up with the changing economic conditions and its consumers’ attitude, it needs to focus on quality. However, it has successfully managed to overcome through the recession crisis and have switched towards a hopeful direction with this new strategy. Despite the high unemployment and increased inflation, Target takes an optimistic view in improving its sales through its new launches such as mini-grocery stores and up-and-up. By focusing on its ‘pay less’ part, Target has certainly pursued a best strategy by retaining the quality of its products even while emphasizing on the discount part. Expanding the advertising campaigns before focusing towards lower prices should have been the alternate strategy for Target during their decline in sales and revenue. As the company was keen on offering one stop shopping with lowered prices and improving the store’s infrastructure, it did not have enough time to analyze the consumers’ tendency towards their products, thereby missed formulating effective advertising strategies. Once they found the

Effects of Teen Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Effects of Teen Pregnancy Essay A child is like the icing on top of a cake, a finishing touch to a married couples journey on earth together. If perfectly planned and periodically monitored, a womans pregnancy will be one of the most unforgettable experiences she will ever have. To be able to carry out a safe pregnancy, the ideal age to get impregnated is from the early twenties to the early thirties. This is the time the female reproductive system is fully developed and mature enough to handle multiple activities such as the fertilization of an egg, the carrying of a fertilized egg to fetal maturity, and the nurturing of the newborn by means of milk production (Bullock 1087). Also, if the woman is psychologically ready and wanting to have a child, she will not have a hard time going through the process because of acceptance of the situation, support of the family around her and if married, the spouse’s longing to have a child with her. Unfortunately this is not always the case. The adolescent stage is the period during which the person becomes physically and psychologically mature and acquires a personal identity, from twelve to eighteen years of age (Kozier 385). The establishment of an identity is the psychosocial task of an adolescent according to Erik Eriksons Psychosocial Developmental Theory. Failure to establish an identity will lead to role confusion (Kozier 387). Role confusion poses a threat to the teenager’s social wellbeing. The teenager maybe at a loss as to what her role in society might be or what career path she would take and if she will even go to college. Adolescents are almost always experiencing a roller coaster of emotions in their search for an identity. They tend to look for people with similar preferences and would not want to be seen with other people who do not share the same characteristics as they have, they begin to idolize a person and want to be just like him or her, they become rebellious, they demonstrate forbidden behaviors, they seek attention and admiration from the opposite sex and choose their career paths. Because of the physical changers that are happening to their bodies, they tend to be curious and experimental with these changes. Adolescents are sexually active and may engage in masturbation as well as heterosexual and homosexual activity(Kozier 387). Statistics show that more than 800,000 teens get pregnant each year which places the United States as one of the highest among industrialized countries (Teen Pregnancy: Reality Check). As to why this happens, people can only speculate and come up with studies, surveys and interview. There are however identified risk factors for teenage pregnancy. These include: family situations with regular conflict between members, violence and sexual abuse in childhood, unstable housing arrangements, poor school performance, poor school attendance, low socioeconomic background, family history of teenage pregnancies, low maternal education, fathers absence, low self-esteem, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander and living in rural and remote areas (Teenage pregnancy some facts). Dealing with adolescent pregnancy does not only have serious physical effect, but psychological as well. The adolescent is at risk for PIH, iron deficiency anemia, preterm delivery, and cephalopelvic disproportion because her own physical growth maybe inadequate to support the growth and delivery of the fetus. PIH or pregnancy induced hypertension is the second leading cause of maternal death in the United States. This illness is a combination of hypertension, edema and proteinuria during pregnancy (Bullock 93). Iron deficiency anemia or IDA occurs when there is a considerable lower than normal amount of Iron in the blood. Iron is needed by the blood in order to effectively transport oxygen to various parts of the body. Fortunately this can be easily corrected by taking oral supplements of Iron as prescribed by the doctor (Bullock 356). Preterm delivery, which is 36 weeks of gestation or life inside the womans womb, is a serious threat for both the fetus and the mother. The normal term is 37 weeks to 40 weeks and less that that the fetus will not be mature enough to live outside the mothers uterus. The pregnant adolescents nutrition may not also be adequate enough, resulting to malnutrition. Prenatal care may also be delayed because the teenager maybe in denial, hence the fetus might not be well taken care of resulting to deficiencies and fetal abnormalities. As for the infant, he or she is susceptible to having lower birth weights, increased infant mortality, increased risk of hospital admission in early childhood, less supportive environments, poorer cognitive development, and if female, a higher risk of becoming pregnant during the adolescent period, as compared to infants born of older women (Teenage pregnancy: trends). Psychologically, a teenager is prone to postnatal depression compared to older women. Reasons for this include societal attitudes, lack of support from family and isolation, and financial pressures (Teenage pregnancy implications). There is also a tendency for the teenage mother to be abandoned by their male partners, especially during birth. Being alone in a very hard process can sometimes be the hardest thing that teenage mothers go through. Not only are their partners abandoning them, but the stigma attached to teenage pregnancy also affects the family of the teenager. There seems to be feelings of alienation from the teenagers family. All of these may add up resulting to more negative feelings towards oneself, more questioning of identity hence role confusion, wasted dreams and impossibility of going back to her education. All the emotional stress may even lead to a mental illness. Efforts are being made to lower the number of teen pregnancies. A number of organizations have been established and there are even pregnancy prevention programs for males. Education maybe the key, with these programs discussing the consequences of early sexual activities like unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Contraception is strongly advocated, even sex education has been really pushed through, and sexual abstinence until marriage has been a strong banner for these programs. The family physicians or any health care personnels role is also significant. They will be able to explain and elaborate more on the nature of the consequences of sexually transmitted diseases and early pregnancy to teens. In fact, in a study entitled, Explaining Recent Declines in Adolescent Pregnancy in the United States: The Contribution of Abstinence and Improved Contraceptive Use it showed how much the pregnancy rates declined over the past 7 years. Improvements in contraceptive use included increases in the use of condoms, birth control pills, withdrawal, and multiple methods and a decline in nonuse. The overall pregnancy risk index declined 38%, with 86% of the decline attributable to improved contraceptive use. Among adolescents aged 15 to 17 years, 77% of the decline in pregnancy risk was attributable to improved contraceptive use was the result of the study by John S. Santelli, MD, MPH, Laura Duberstein Lindberg, PhD, Lawrence B.  Finer, PhD and Susheela Singh, PhD. Sharing intimacy with another person is always a personal choice. But the responsibilities that come with it are not. The freedom of having a choice comes with a price, the burden of being unprepared to raise your own child. And everything else you pick up the broken pieces after that. It matters how much strength and courage you have, how much you can carry alone. But it is important to know that life does not end when hardships begin, it’s just begun.

Analysis of Family Dynamics for Therapy: Case Study

Analysis of Family Dynamics for Therapy: Case Study When a family comes in for therapy, the therapist needs to take into consideration different circumstances a family may have that is different from their own cultural background; whether it is race, religion, family structure, socioeconomic status, or core values. I chose Seven Heaven show which was an 11 year series about a family who the father is a well-known respected pastor of the town community church, whom lives on a basic salary from what he makes from the church, mom doesn’t work outside the home however everything inside the home to make her husband and children happy does. As the therapist of the Camden family, I will discuss how I will integrate multicultural consideration in working with this family, then conceptualize the family’s strengths, weaknesses, structure, and dynamics. Finally the therapist will discuss how she will intervene in helping this family. Erik and Annie Camden and their seven children came in for family therapy because Erik recently had a heart attack and the doctor said he need to lessen the stress in his life. He is the Minister of the local church and will sacrifice his family for the needs of the church. His wife  Annie is overwhelmed with trying to raise seven perfect minister children. She is jealous with her husband spending so much time with women in the church and many times not come home for dinner. When talking to the parents and children these are the main concerns about each of the children: Matt is 20 just started college and moved back home because he felt his family needed him after his dad’s heart attack. Mary 18 is on probation after vandalizing her school after being mad at her bb coach for terminating basketball due to girls on the team grades. Lucy 16.5 is a well-adjusted young women than tries to keep her others siblings out of trouble. Simon 15-Sassy towards his parents, sneaks out to s ee girls and lies to cover up the truth. Ruthie 12-stick her nose in everyone’s business, lies to stay out of trouble,. Sam and David are busy five year old twins. Conceptualize of family dynamics One of the first things that need to be done is to conceptualize their family’s strengths, weaknesses, structure, and dynamics in order to bring the family back into balance. Erik parents were very strict and Annie parents were very lenient; however, Erik and Annie were firm but loving in their discipline with the children. They always came up with a punishment together and they never went behind one another’s back nor withheld anything from each other concerning their children Erik and Annie take their parenteral roles seriously where they don’t take time for themselves to the point Annie was close to a breakdown and Erik had a heart attack. Likewise Erik took his job as a pastor seriously to the point Annie was jealous and felt neglected because he spent more time helping members of their church day or night even when Annie needed his help with one or more of the children. One of the issues is the Camden’s children stick up for each other for, when someone does something wrong one or more of their siblings will cover for them. For example, Mary got into financial debt and Luck, Matt, and Simon came up with braking into Sam and David’s penny bank so that Mary will have money to pay her debts. Although it was thoughtful, it enabled Mary to be irresponsible where she continued down the road of destruction by lowering her payments so that she can have left over money to use for alcohol. Another issue the Camden’s lack were boundaries, first is Eric and Anne had a good personal intimacy relationship; however, they would not lock their door and the children would come into their parents room without knocking and at least once each of the children have walked in on their parents. The kids would invade each other’s boundaries by getting into each other personal space by either assuming their sibling was doing something wrong and preventing them from making a mistake that might not even been the case. For example, Simon went to a party, he lied where he was going, and Matt figured it out thinking alcohol was being served and went and broke him out of the party where alcohol was not served. Matt is the first born This structure is not always healthy because first born tend to seek power as a way to insure their place in the family (Nichols 2013). Matt tries to rescue his other siblings making sure they are taken care of to the point he is overinvolved emotio nally so that he does not have to face his own needs, thus causing him focus on his siblings not himself (Nichols, 2013). When children get into fights their mom is right there to settle it, Nichols (2013) mentions that this causes children not to feel treated equally the same because they are deprived of settling their disagreements, thus learns to depends on others to settle their differences. Some of the Camden’s are well adjusted and show strong differential of self where they don’t respond to emotional stress and act appropriately during times of anxiety (Nichols, 2013). For example, Lucy, she is emotional stable, she is able to make her own decisions and communicate her feelings. She can stand on her own; however, she is able to ask for advice when she is stuck. Unlike Mary, her older sister, Mary will react to peer pressure, she will respond with defiance when things in her life are unfair such as, vandalize the gym because she got kicked off the basketball team. Treatment After talking with the whole family the focus of therapy the Camden’s clearly mentioned were boundaries within the family dynamic, Mary’s behavior problems, not necessarily dad’s heart attack and spending too much time doing church work and mom’s jealousy over it. Utilizing structured therapy in helping the Camden’s family clearly needs to set appropriate boundaries in many different areas of their family: children/children, parents/children, home/church, and romantic relationship between the parents. Structured therapy is used to direct in changing the old patterns so that the family can then solve their problems (Nichols 2013). First of all Eric and Anne will form a tighter partnership (Nicholas, 2013) as they form boundaries between Eric’s church responsibilities and the relationship between them and their children. They will set clear boundaries of rules Eric will follow with his church work such as he will work only 40 hours a week and limit his time alone with female members of his congregation, and he will be home each night in time for dinner even if he has to go back to finish a job later in the night. Anne will respect Eric judgment when it comes to working with female members of their church. Boundaries within the family would that Eric and Anne will have a lock on their bedroom door and teach the children to not come in their room when it is closed and only knock on the door when it is an emergency. This way the children do not assume they are only in their room having sexual relationships but talking or watching a movie together. Using experiential therapy would be not to solve the Camden’s problems within the family but for each family member to express themselves to uncover their true emotions (Nicholas, 2013). This will work well with Camden family because there are many unspoken emotions. The parents and children alike will enable the family member thus preventing consequence to happen. For example, mom will solve children conflicts thus alienating further arguments however, it prevents them from leaving to solve their conflicts within the family. Another example, is Mary’s siblings gave her money to prevent further debt instead of helping her learn money management skills. Experiential therapy will be used to allow family member to be themselves, they do not need to put on a show but to share experiences in a functional way which will lead to a more honest interaction between family members (Nicholas, 2013). I think doing the puppets with the Camden’s family will be the best experiential technique to use. It will help highlight conflicts the Camden’s have with each other in a safe environment to express anger they might have with each other (Nicholas, 2013). I also feel using Experiential would also help Mary act out her feeling she has about her basketball coach in a positive way. This will help her see the direct consequence her behavior caused and hopefully come to her own conclusion how she could of handled it without family members or therapist telling her, therefore lessen her defiance towards her parents. A counselor religious or not will take into consideration the religious background of their clients. Being a multicultural competent counselor I would need to explore how religion and spirituality should be integrated into counseling. For example, being LDS and the Camden’s of a protent faith, I would need to make sure that my values are not forced onto the Camden’s (Balkin, Schlosser, Levitt, 2009). Since the Camden’s are quite religious, Eric, being the minister, I would need to make sure that I am not downplaying his believes such as they shouldn’t drink which drinking according to his faith is not wrong nor think he should be less on his children do to my believes. Working with a religious family as the Camden’s, the counselor would need to integrate that in therapy with the family. Structured therapy would help a family who struggle with setting clear boundaries. Using experiential therapy will work with a family that needs to work on expressing their unspoken emotions. I believe integrating these two therapy approaches will bring the Camden’s family back into balance as they work on problems they identified as issues. References Balkin, R. S., Schlosser, L. Z., Levitt, D. H. (2009). Religious identity and cultural diversity:  Exploring the relationships between religious identity, sexism, homophobia, and  multicultural competence. Journal of Counseling and Development : 87(4),  420-427. Nichols, M. (2013). Family therapy: Concepts and methods 10th Ed. Boston: Allyn Bacon

Counselling and Therapy for Different Personality Types

Counselling and Therapy for Different Personality Types Active Suggestive Therapy View of Human Nature In the world, everyone is unique. They usually differ on the basis of family in which they grew up and the values, culture, unique experiences and the perceptions they have about their circumstances. I agree with the view of Adler that a persons perception of the past and interpretation of early events influence their behaviours (Corey, 2005). According to Albert Ellis, the belief is that we contribute to our own problems and by this way; we interpret events and situations (Corey, 2005). The basic hypothesis of REBT is that our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, interpretations, and reaction to lifes situations (Corey, 2005, p. 272). Behaviour is learned. Cognitive behaviour therapy states that during childhood we learn our irrational beliefs form others (Corey, 2005). As it is learned, so I believe that we can learn new ways of thinking and behaving. All humans have free will. Adler also supports that the concept of a creative force enables people to make their own decisions and develop their own opinions (Oberst Stewart, 2003). Albert Ellis says that we can learn to control our emotions by avoiding irrational beliefs (Ellis MacLaren, 2005). I agree with Adler that the people are social, creative and can make their own decisions (Corey, 2005). I also believe that people also have certain limitations. I believe that biology and genetics play a role in our behaviour and that we are predisposed to some types of mental illnesses. I believe that some forms of depression like extreme anxiety, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia can be the result of genetics or a chemical imbalance in the brain. Arnold Lazarus, the founder of multimodal therapy states that when any doubts arise about the probable involvement of biological factors, it is imperative to have them investigated (Lazarus, 1997, p. 28). I agree with William Glasser that we have basic needs. He stated that we have the need for survival, love and belonging, power and achievement, freedom or independence, and fun that drive our lives (Corey, 2005). These needs relate to some of the concepts of Adler. The need for love and belonging goes along with Adlers concept of social interest and community feeling. The need for power and achievement is similar to Adlers concept of striving for significance and superiority. Theoretical Orientation Multimodal therapy Multimodal therapy creates interests because of the concept of technical eclecticism†. It states that the therapist uses a collection of techniques from many approaches and from different theories of therapy (Corey, 2005). I like this approach because Arnold Lazaruss concept of the seven major areas of personality is made up of BASIC ID (Corey, 2005). These are behaviour, affect, sensation, imagery, cognition, interpersonal, and drugs/biology (Lazarus, 1997). It looks at behaviour and addressing self-defeating actions, emotions and reactions; sensory complaints, such as tension and pain; fantasies and images, flashbacks; the persons attitudes, values, beliefs, and opinions; aspects involving relationship with others; and the health of the individual including medical conditions, sleep, exercise, diet, use of drugs, etc. (Lazarus, 1997). The reason why it appeals to me is that it explores many different aspects of our well-being that can affect our mental health. This type of therapy appeals to me because it uses concrete tests to simplify the process of therapy and get to the problem in an efficient way. The problem identified in the Multimodal Life History Inventory encourages the therapist and client to focus on specific problems; it helps to set goals for treatment (Lazarus, 1997). The multimodal assessment coincides with my view of human nature, as it implies that we are social beings who move, feel, sense, imagine, and think, and that at base we are biochemical-neurophysiologic entities (Lazarus, 1997, p. 3). This theory is brief and effective, which is very important in todays society with insurance issues. Lazarus states that perhaps one would agree that effective therapy depends far less on the hours you put in than on what you put into those hours (Lazarus, 1997, p. 6). This theory puts the emphasis on breadth more than depth. This theory applies to the unique needs and problems of the client. Lazarus says, In my estimation, we need bespoke therapy – methods that are carefully tailored and custom-made (Lazarus, 1997, p. 16). The multimodal method uses several methods to find out what the problems are and the strategies to find out what treatments fit uniquely with each client. It is very flexible and open. Multimodal therapy has clear goals for therapy and focuses on current issues. It starts out with an initial interview, after this the client takes the Multi-Modal Life History Inventory and uses it to draw up a Modality Profile that lists the complaints and the areas of treatment that should be addressed (Lazarus, 1997). I like the systemic approach because there is a logical pattern to follow in order to find out the problem. Many therapies spend too much time just trying to figure out the problem, which can increase the number of sessions. Other Theories Some aspects of other theories that I would like to integrate when using multimodal and Adlerian therapy include some of the concepts from psychoanalytic therapy, such as ego defense mechanisms and Ericksons psychosocial stages of development. I can see the benefit of exploring defense mechanisms and seeing how they play a role in behaviour. Ericksons stages of development are a good framework for understanding development (Corey, 2005). REBT therapy is behaviour therapy, as is multimodal therapy. The A-B-C theory of personality is a concept that I would integrate with multimodal therapy. It is a common sense approach to show people how they can change their irrational beliefs into rational belief. It assists clients in recognizing their self-defeating thoughts, particularly the absolutist thoughts, such as the shoulds, musts, and oughts (Corey, 2005). With person-centered, I would like to draw on the empathetic relationship aspect of this type of therapy. The use of the concept of unconditional positive self-regard is essential. Adler describes social interest in terms of empathic understanding. Adler sums it by saying, To see with the eyes of another, to hear with the ears of another, to feel with the heart of another (Ansbacher Ansbacher, 1956, p. 135). Reality therapy is a lot like multimodal and Adlerian therapies in that it is directive, active and educational. The five basic needs of survival, i.e. love and belonging, power and achievement, freedom or independence, and fun is something that I would integrate into my own therapy (Corey, 2005). Some aspects of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy appeal to me. Solution-focused therapy takes on a positive and optimistic view of the future and looks for what is working. I would use the three questions of solution-focused therapy; the exception question, the miracle question, and the scaling question (Corey, 2005). Narrative therapy is similar to Adlers concept of early recollections. This is a very interesting form of therapy and I would like to learn a lot more about it. I would like to take some of the aspects also of Asian therapy, such as aromatherapy and creating an atmosphere of relaxation. Multicultural Therapy It is extremely important to consider differences in culture when engaging in therapy with a client. Adler focuses on the person in their environment, allowing exploration of cultural issues. Behaviour therapys focus is on behaviour rather than feelings, which can be compatible with many cultures (Corey, 2005). Adlerian Therapy The concepts of Adlerian therapy state about social interest, birth orders and sibling relationships, fictions, and early recollections. Adlerian counselors educate clients in new ways of looking at their lives. The process of therapy used by me would be to foster social interest, which would help the clients to overcome the feelings of discouragement and inferiority, modify their lifestyle, assisting clients in feeling a sense of equality and help people to be contributing members of society (Corey, 2005). The four phases of the therapeutic process are a part of Adlerian therapy that I would integrate with other methods. These are establishing a proper therapeutic relationship, doing a Lifestyle Assessment, encouragement and insight into purpose, and reorientation and education (Corey, 2005). The Adlerian concept of the five basic mistakes people make developed by Mosak is of interest to me. These are overgeneralization, false and impossible goals, misperceptions of life and lifes demands, denial or minimization of ones worth, and faulty values (Corey, 2005). This is very similar to the core irrational belief concept used in REBT. The core irrational beliefs are awfulizing and I-cant-stand its over generalizing, jumping to conclusions, focusing on the negative, disqualifying the positive, minimizing good things, personalizing, phoneyism, and perfectionism (Lazarus, 1997). Therapist/Client Relationship The importance of the therapeutic relationship varies among different types of therapy. Some therapies focus on the personal relationship as crucial to therapy while other therapies do not give so much emphasis on the relationship. The importance of the therapist/client relationship in relation to my philosophy is that it is important, but is not the central focus. I agree with Adlers view on joint responsibility between the client and the therapist (Corey, 2005). My focus as a therapist is to engage the client in a learning process and to act as a teacher and consultant. I agree that there needs to be empathy and positive self-regard for the clients who want to change. The relationship needs to be a good working relationship. Encouragement from the therapist is essential. Two major theories that I am going to discuss in regards of the therapist/client relationship are cognitive behaviour therapy and person-centered therapy. With person-centered therapy, the main focus is on the relationship. It is the primary focus of therapy. Rogers emphasizes the attitudes and personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the client-therapist relationship as the prime determinants of the outcomes of therapy (Corey, 2005, p.85). With cognitive behaviour therapy, the therapist functions as a teacher and is highly directive. The relationship is important, but not as important as in the person-centered therapy. The success of cognitive behaviour therapy depends on certain characteristics of the therapist, such as warmth, accurate empathy, nonjudgmental acceptance, trust and rapport with the client (Corey, 2005). Both theories rely on the concept of unconditional positive self-regard and empathetic listening. The caring is unconditional; it is not contaminated by evaluation or judgment of the clients feelings, thoughts, and behaviour as good or bad (Corey, 2005, p. 172). Cognitive therapy describes it as unconditional acceptance. Ellis states that, In addition to modeling unconditional acceptance for your client, it is vital that you actively teach the theory and practice of unconditional self-acceptance (USA) and unconditional other acceptance (UOA) (Ellis MacLaren, 2005, p. 85). Therapeutic Techniques Specific techniques that I would use come from multimodal therapy, REBT, and Adlerian therapy. With multimodal therapy technique, I would use the Multimodal Life History Inventory. The Multimodal Life History Inventory is a 15-page questionnaire used for problem identification and patient history pertaining to the seven major areas of personality, or the BASIC ID, which I described earlier in the paper (Corey, 2005). I would also use bridging, which is used when clients do not want to talk about their feelings. The bridging technique consists of entering the clients preferred mode (cognitions) and then, asking about a different (presumably more neutral) modality (e.g., imagery, or sensations) (Lazarus, 1997, p. 48). The Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire would be a technique I would use when working with couples, which covers major areas of concern that most couples have. These concerns include communication, sex, money, togetherness, friendship, parenting, etc. (Lazarus, 1997). Some specific techniques that I would use from REBT are disputing of irrational beliefs which would include the REBT Self-Help Form, humor, rational-emotive imagery, role playing, homework and educational materials. (Corey, 2005). Adlerian techniques I would use are the Lifestyle Assessment, early recollections and The Question (Corey, 2005). I like the concept of The Question. It is a subjective question of, How would you like your life to be different, and what would you do differently, if you did not have this symptom or problem (Corey, 2005). This is very similar to the miracle question in solution-focused therapy. Early recollection techniques ask the client to talk about their earliest memories. Early recollections use an assessment tool to see how clients feel about themselves and others, in order to discover the clients strengths and assets (Corey, 2005). In contrast, cognitive behavioural techniques focus on tailoring the therapy to suit the individual and focus on changing the thinking patterns and behaviour of the client. There are several techniques available to use with this theory. With existential therapy and person-centered therapy, very few techniques are used. A history of the client, questioning and probing, and testing are not used in person-centered therapy or existential therapy, whereas in cognitive therapy it is the basis for the therapy. Existential therapy does not appeal to me because it is not technique oriented and there is a lack of direction from the counselor. As far as similarities between the person-centered technique and cognitive behaviour therapy are concerned, I really do not see any. They are completely different types of therapies. Self-Awareness As far as my strengths as a therapist are concerned, I am very insightful and in tune with how people are feeling. I am not afraid to be myself as a therapist. Realizing my imperfections, I do not feel that I need to be perfect in my style of counseling. Trustworthiness is essential to me regarding my role as a therapist. Listening is one of my strong points. Realizing my limitations and accepting the fact that I will not be able to help every client or get along with every client, it is important that I refer them to seek help from another counselor. Boundaries are crucial in the therapy setting. Taking on the responsibility of the clients obligation is something that I would be very aware of and try to avoid. Something that I would like to add to my role as a therapist and something that I feel very strongly about is the role of spirituality. Incorporating clients religious and spiritual beliefs in the counseling process is important, and I feel it needs to be addressed. Regarding my limitations as a therapist, I tend to give people advice and I need to be careful with this. It will be difficult for me to deal with certain types of clients. I would not be able to work with sex offenders, pedophiles, abusive men or severely mentally ill patients. Helping people who do not want to be helped is also a difficult issue for me. I would need to learn some techniques on how to deal with this problem. At times, I like to tell my own story and share my own experiences in an attempt to show others how my experiences have affected me. Getting off track in thinking that this would be helpful to the client is something I need to be aware of. I still question my ability as a counselor and feel I have not had enough classes to make this judgment yet. Conclusion In concluding the paper, I realize the importance of trying to find my own unique style. Finding what fits with my personality and what I feel comfortable with is a thing that will make me a competent therapist. Cognitive behavioural therapy (multimodal and REBT) and Adlerian therapy are concepts I want to work with, and I would like to do more reading and research into these theories in order to learn more about the processes and techniques used. Learning about the variety of theories, the techniques used, the goals of therapy and view of human nature has really opened my eyes to the vast amount of information about the theories of psychology. The reason I called my theory active suggestive therapy is that I want to take an active role as a therapist and make therapy a learning process. I would like to make suggestions to clients on how they can deal with their problems and offer concrete ways of learning that they can apply outside of therapy. Some would say that suggestions would be giving advice, but I feel that it would be beneficial to some clients. The suggestions are presented in a way as to make the client feel responsible and active in coming up with a plan on how to use the suggestions given. This class has given me a well-rounded view of the theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. References Ansbacher, H. L. Ansbacher, R. R. (1956). The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Harper Perennial. Corey, G. (2005). Student Manual: Theory and Practice of Counseling Psychotherapy (7th Edition, p. 85). California: Brooks/Cole Corey, G. (2005). Theory and Practice of Counseling Psychotherapy (7th ed.). California: Brooks/Cole. Ellis, A. MacLaren, C. (2005). Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy: A Therapists Guide (2nd Edition). California: Impact Publishers. Lazarus, A. A. (1997). Brief but Comprehensive Psychotherapy: The Multimodal Way. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Oberst, U. E. Stewart, A. E. (2003). Adlerian Psychology: An Advanced Approach Individual Psychology. New York: Routeledge.

Hannah Webster Fosters The Coquette Essay -- Hannah Webster Foster Th

Hannah Webster Foster's The Coquette Eliza Wharton has sinned. She has also seduced, deceived, loved, and been had. With The Coquette Hannah Webster Foster uses Eliza as an allegory, the archetype of a woman gone wrong. To a twentieth century reader Eliza's fate seems over-dramatized, pathetic, perhaps even silly. She loved a man but circumstance dissuaded their marriage and forced them to establish a guilt-laden, whirlwind of a tryst that destroyed both of their lives. A twentieth century reader may have championed Sanford's divorce, she may have championed the affair, she may have championed Eliza's acceptance of Boyer's proposal. She may have thrown the book angrily at the floor, disgraced by the picture of ineffectual, trapped, female characters. We might see similar reactions when placing Foster's novel in an eighteenth century context. But would they be the reactions that Foster anticipated? Were eighteenth century female readers to see The Coquette as an instructional text, or were they supposed to enjoy it without applying it to their own lives? Did she aim to teach her female audience about proper conduct, and to warn about the dangers of the licentious seducer? The book was a best seller; why would this type of text have been so popular? Writing a journal from the perspective of a fictional eighteenth century reader, a mother whose daughter is the age of Eliza's friends, will allow me to employ reader-response criticism to help answer these questions and to decipher the possible social influences and/or meanings of the novel. Though reader-response criticism varies from critic to critic, it relies largely on the idea that the reader herself is a valid critic, that her critique is influenced by time and place,... ...ontagu." [http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/montagu.html#Introductions]. June 1996. 2. Davidson, Cathy. Revoultion and the Word, The Rise of the Novel in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. 3. Foster, Hannah Webster. The Coquette. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. 4. Jauss, Hans Robert. Toward an Aesthetic of Reception. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982. 5. Moi, Toril. Sexual Textual Politics. London: Routledge, 1985. 6. Murfin, Ross C. "What is Reader-Response Criticism?" in The Scarlet Letter. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Boston: Bedford, 1991. 7. Rabinowitz, Peter J. "Johns Hopkins Guide to LIterary Theory" [http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/entries/reader-esponse_theory_and_criticism.html]. 1997. 8. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. New York: Penguin, 1992.

Reproductive cloning Essay examples -- Ethical Issues, Human Cloning

As years pass, more and more gadgets, machines, transportations, and foods are being improved because of the technological advancements. Even the life of humans is improved by the years, where the life expectancy is increasing because of the developed medical research, medicines, and medical equipments. However, developed biomedical methods such as cloning are controversial, and in fact 93% of all Americans oppose cloning. Because of the controversies against this practice, the United States would not open the door to reproductive cloning, and this lead to a debate between the government, and scientists and bioethicists- who are supporting human cloning. Although the critics of human cloning fear that this biomedical practice would create an unpleasant environment, inequality and contradicts with religious aspects and beliefs, cloning can help infertile women to reproduce, help cure diseases and help restore the sanctity of life. Human cloning is bombarded with predictions that the supporters of cloning find it risky. Cloning is another medical advancement if it will be legalized. Cloning is duplicating the gene of a species where it will make an exact copy of DNA of the particular species, resulting into the existence of two identical species. Human cloning is a very controversial and apprehensive word, for people think that cloning will be equal to robots, not a real person/ species, and simply because they think that the world will be crazy seeing the environment with identical species of person walking on streets; the same fears that the critics are predicting. Because of the abhorrence, critics and writers are predicting the horrors that could happen; for example, stories like a cloned woman who was not talented as her anc... ...flake program has arranged adoptions of nearly a thousand embryos, about twenty of which become babies† (64). Embryos have life, for they can turn into babies; therefore, we should make the embryos become valuable by giving them a chance to live or heal the sick people rather than just throwing them away. Human/Reproductive Cloning has showed many reasons why it should not be banned because of its benefits. Cloning would not make a big difference from what we have right now, like slaves and organ donors that we already have right now, and the religion that not everyone believed in the same God which other people may find reproductive cloning helpful in making a family especially to the infertile couple. Furthermore, help cure the diseases and give life to aborted fetus and embryos. Therefore, we should not take the reproductive off the table and should be decided. Reproductive cloning Essay examples -- Ethical Issues, Human Cloning As years pass, more and more gadgets, machines, transportations, and foods are being improved because of the technological advancements. Even the life of humans is improved by the years, where the life expectancy is increasing because of the developed medical research, medicines, and medical equipments. However, developed biomedical methods such as cloning are controversial, and in fact 93% of all Americans oppose cloning. Because of the controversies against this practice, the United States would not open the door to reproductive cloning, and this lead to a debate between the government, and scientists and bioethicists- who are supporting human cloning. Although the critics of human cloning fear that this biomedical practice would create an unpleasant environment, inequality and contradicts with religious aspects and beliefs, cloning can help infertile women to reproduce, help cure diseases and help restore the sanctity of life. Human cloning is bombarded with predictions that the supporters of cloning find it risky. Cloning is another medical advancement if it will be legalized. Cloning is duplicating the gene of a species where it will make an exact copy of DNA of the particular species, resulting into the existence of two identical species. Human cloning is a very controversial and apprehensive word, for people think that cloning will be equal to robots, not a real person/ species, and simply because they think that the world will be crazy seeing the environment with identical species of person walking on streets; the same fears that the critics are predicting. Because of the abhorrence, critics and writers are predicting the horrors that could happen; for example, stories like a cloned woman who was not talented as her anc... ...flake program has arranged adoptions of nearly a thousand embryos, about twenty of which become babies† (64). Embryos have life, for they can turn into babies; therefore, we should make the embryos become valuable by giving them a chance to live or heal the sick people rather than just throwing them away. Human/Reproductive Cloning has showed many reasons why it should not be banned because of its benefits. Cloning would not make a big difference from what we have right now, like slaves and organ donors that we already have right now, and the religion that not everyone believed in the same God which other people may find reproductive cloning helpful in making a family especially to the infertile couple. Furthermore, help cure the diseases and give life to aborted fetus and embryos. Therefore, we should not take the reproductive off the table and should be decided.

Reflections of a Culture Past Essay -- English Literature Essays

Reflections of a Culture Past The poem, Beowulf was supposedly written in the tenth century, but it was most likely told before then, orally, for centuries. There is little information about the author, on when Beowulf was first created or about the original version of the story before it was written. However the poem does, however, give us great insight into the cultural views and ideals of the Anglo-Saxon people who would have composed and told this tale. This includes their political, social and moral views. Beyond this, Beowulf gives us an even greater insight into this society of constant fight and war. Interwoven throughout almost every aspect of their culture and the poem are very strict moral codes and values. Those morals and values affect the ideals, beliefs and changes taking place in period. In the time of the Anglo-Saxons, men shared a common idea of heroic and traditional values that each person should follow. They admired men with outstanding courage and loyalty. Anglo-Saxon men achieved that by completing daring deeds, withstanding harsh conditions and by beating the odds. If a person showed such traits, despite where they came from, they were entitled with a great matter of respect. The traits that they valued were those of a hero. True heroes of the period had to maintain a balance between personal glory and maintaining the good of his people. However one didn’t become a hero just through great accomplishments. They also had to be exemplary individu...

A V R Essay

Appearance vs. reality explores how the more persistent illusion will triumph over what the individual want to be true. While reality is persistent, appearance it is less convincing as it based upon the fragile network of an individual’s values, expectation and deepest desires. Pleasantville (1998) directed by Gary Ross examines this idea through the protagonist who escapes his troubles and unforgiving reality to Pleasantville; a fake world that reflects his utopic vision and 1950’s American society.Similarly Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Birches† shows no matter how hard he tries to escape his reality to a better illusion he was made for himself, reality is persistent and will always bring him back. In Pleasantville the idea that reality will triumph over appearances is shown by David’s negative view of his family and yearning for the family he sees in Pleasantville.. The appearance that David sees in Pleasantville is peace, calm, relaxing and great bu t in his reality it is the opposite of Pleasantville as he has difficult problems with his family.This is shown by of contrast of the perfect family living the American Dream in Pleasantville compared to David’s own family. The montage of shots of all the members of Bud’s family in Pleasantville contrasts heavily to the empty and wide shot of David and just his mother, emphasising how his family is so different from his ideal family on Pleasantville. Although David wants to become part of Bud’s family, he realises this is just an illusion based on his desires.This is clear when he realises Bud’s family isn’t as perfect as it seems through the uncomfortableness he feels with the repetition of the word â€Å"swell† to describe what he thinks is good and returns to his persistent illusion of his real family, his mother. Reality is shown to be the more persistent illusion through the corruption of values in Pleasantville. Jennifer instigates the corruption of Pleasantville by bringing in values and practices of her reality to the untainted illusion of Pleasantville.When Jennifer has sexual intercourse with skip on Lover’s Lane, there is a change in the scenery shown in the close up shot of the grey rose turning into a bright red. The previous monotone colours represent†¦. And the red represents†¦.. This shown that reality is more persistant than the illusion of appearance as†¦. FILL IT IN! Another example is shown through when Betty sees Mr. Johnson for the first time and she starts to feel different from seeing him. The technique that is used is contrast of colour and grey background. The wife changes as she ealise her true feelings, and it is this persistent emotion that overcomes her role as the faithful wife in the American Dream. This shows the wife is being seeing her true feeling and her true reality from Mr. Johnson, ultimately breaking the illusion of appearances . Similarly, in Frost’ s â€Å"Birches†, reality is illustrated as persistent reality that will triumph over any illusions of appearances but does this through the poet who reminisces about his childhood past with the birches tree. The poet feels a strong connection with the illusion he has made of the birches as a sentimental figure of his past time.He does this by portraying birches during the autumn time as †like girls on hands and knees who throw their hair before them†¦ to dry in the sun†. The personification combined with simile to reinforces the illusion the poet has created from his expectations and desires. However,. reality attempts to bring the poet back from his constructed illusion that has been â€Å"shattered and avalanched†¦. [reduced to] broken glass to sweep away†. This is emphasised by the â€Å"black† branches surrounding the â€Å"snow white trunk†.The black branches symbolise the persistent illusion of reality trying to bring him back to what is more real surrounding the white trunk that symbolises the dying purity and untainted illusion he has created of the birches, showing that reality is more persistent than appearances. Unlike Pleasantville, where David does not want to return to the persistent callings of his reality , the poet in â€Å"Birches† realises that although he can visit his â€Å"heaven† using his childhood memory of the birches, he would â€Å"then come back to it [earth] and begin all over†.The nostalgic tone emphasises that he cannot go back to his illusion of appearances as he recognises the reality is more persistent. Through the close study of the Ross’s â€Å"Pleasantville† and Frost’s â€Å"Birches† it is clear that reality is more persistent than appearances. Pleasantville shows the corruption of values and the perfect family based on the American dreams to shows how reality will triumph over appearances similarly â€Å"Birches† us es the poet reminisces that frost can visit his appearance but when he returns to his reality he understands that reality is the more persistent one.

Types of Planning

INTRODUCTION Besides organizing, controlling and leading, planning is one of the management functions. Good planning is crucial to enable an organization to function effectively. Planning is done for two purposes, firstly as a protection to the organization and secondly to increase the affirmative levels of an organization according to C. W. Roney (Certo, 2000). As a protection to the organization, a manager can forecast the effects from each of the suggestions or alternative actions that will be carried out.Then managers will be able to ensure what needs to be done, how to carry out the actions, why it has to be done, when to do it, who should implement it with proper planning. And it is done to increase the affirmative levels of an organization. According to Fayol – The plan of action is, at one and the same time, the result envisaged, the line of action to be followed, the stages to go through, and the methods to use. It is a kind of future picture wherein proximate events are outlined with some distinctness.Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. It involves the selection of objectives, policies, procedures and programs from among alternatives. A plan is a predetermined course of action to achieve a specified goal. It is a statement of objectives to be achieved by certain means in the future. In short, it is a blueprint for action. Louis A Allen Management planning involves the development of forecasts, objectives, policies, programs procedures, schedules and budgets. Theo Haimann Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done.When a manager plans, he projects a course of action, for the future, attempting to achieve a consistent, co-ordinated structure of operations aimed at the desired results. Koontz O’Donnell Planning is an intellectual process, the conscious determination of courses of action, the basing of decisions on purpose, acts and considered estimates. .TYPES OF PLANNING According to Dessler (2001) there are three m ain types of planning which are planning based on format, organization hierarchy and frequency of use. PLANNING BASED ON FORMATDescriptive planning is a planning written in the form of statements that state what needs to be achieved and how it is achievable for example, planning of an individual’s career. Budgeting is plan that stated quantitatively by using financial terms. Graphics planning is a planning that explains what needs to be achieved and how to achieve it in the form of charts. For example Gantt chart, it illustrates the time period required in order to implement an activity in the form of bar chart. PLANNING BASED ON ORGANIZATIONAL HIERARCHY There are three levels in an organization – top management, middle management, lower management.Top management (strategic plan) Strategic planning focuses on long-term issues for the survival, growth, and overall effectiveness of the organization. Companies need to be visionary, and must develop long-term strategies to meet changing conditions in their industries. Strategic planning involves developing a strategy to meet competition and ensure long-term survival and growth. The marketing function plays an important role in this process in that to provides information and other inputs to help in the preparation of the organization’s strategic plan long term plan. Middle management (tactical plan)Tactical planning focuses their goals on a shorter time frame, usually ranging from one month to one year. Middle managers give authority and responsibility to team leaders or supervisors, after that they provide direction, necessary resources, and feedback on performance as tasks are completed. Usually they need more detailed information than top managers, but less information than team leaders and supervisors. They also use business support systems, knowledge management systems, and user productivity systems to perform their jobs. Lower management (operational plan) Lower management carries out da y-to-day  operational plans.Operational employees primarily receive data that they need to perform their jobs day to day. In many companies, operational employees also need information to handle tasks and make decisions that were assigned to supervisors which is called  empowerment, and gives employees more responsibility and accountability. PLANNING BASED ON FREQUENCY OF USE One time usage planning is a planning that is only used once. Specially prepared to fulfill specific purposes. For example the organization may open more than one branch, but each plan made only applicable to the specific branch only.Because it have different resources like money, manpower, customer’s distribution, size of the branch area etc. Standing plan is a planning that is repeatedly used. Used to manage situations that frequently arise in an organization such as employees disciplinary problems. Standing plans have three types which are policy, procedure and regulations. i. Policy Principles or general guidelines to manage situations. ii. Procedure Actions or process that must be taken if a certain situation arises. iii. Regulations Specific guidelines when taking an action. WORKPLACE HISTORYMalaysia Airline System Berhad is doing business as Malaysia Airlines since its inception as an  independent airline  in 1987. Proudly running as the national-flag carrier of Malaysia from main home base of Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) with secondary hubs at Kuching and Kota Kinabalu on the second island of the Malaysian state. With a concentration of network on both regional as well as international sectors, MAS has come to be known as world renowned airlines well as a local favorite along with its subsidiary, MAS Wings, because of staff hospitality and its marketing campaigns.It has been understood that there are various issues and opportunities that are being faced to MAS. Some of these are an overstaffing problem involving more than twenty-thousand employees all o ver the world. Another one, being incurred net losses of RM 479 million by the third quarter of 2011 and at the end of the fourth quarter the airline had incurred a loss of RM 2524 million, indicating a substantial decrease from a profit of RM 234 million in the previous year. Malaysia Airlines Vision is to be the Preferred Premium Carrier by using A380 as the flagship product.To support the vision, Malaysia Airlines mission is to be the best-in-class, top 10 commercially viable airline in the Asia Pacific region that returns sustainable profits to the shareholders. Business plan updated June 2012 RECOVERY PLAN (TOP MANAGEMENT) BUILD A PROFITABLE NETWORK Malaysia Airlines will realign the network based on demand and profitability result in the termination of MAS highly unprofitable routes to South Africa and Argentina and its only destination in Latin America.Other long hauls routes that unprofitable will also be eliminated MAS will deploy aircraft optimally to suit mission and for cost effectiveness. WIN BACK CUSTOMERS Malaysia Airlines will completely revamp the commercial team to improve performance and review sales and distribution channels. MAS plans to win or gain back its premium long hauls passengers through changing its carriers. A phase-out of MAS ageing widebody aircraft will be pursued and simultaneously new passenger facilities will be introduced.By the end of 2013 the carrier will be operating only three types of modern widebody aircraft  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A330-300s, B777-200ERs and A380s. Then MAS will put in place best-in-class revenue management to fix corporate travel business and revamp our internet booking engine. MAS will enhancing our marketing and branding efforts and grow ancillary revenues. RELENTLESS COST FOCUS Malaysia Airlines will radically improve productivity and efficiency by increased aircraft utilization. Then MAS will streamline assets and resources across group. After that MAS will review and revamp legacy rocesses and work practic es and reduce reliance on 3rdparty and in source jobs where possible. Lastly overhaul the procurement and contracting practices, and review existing contracts for greater cost savings. BRIDGE THE FUNDING GAP The funding gap that must be bridged given the aircraft deliveries of 2012. This bridge has five pillars of support: 1. Positive operating cash flow 2. New debt and leasing arrangements 3. Working capital boost via the return of pre-delivery payment deposits 4. Proceeds from potential spin-offs 5. Unwavering support of our shareholdersGAME CHANGERS (MIDDLE MANAGEMENT) i. Capture regional point-to-point traffic * Deepen and optimize regional & domestic networks * Shift focus to point-to-point traffic markets * Optimize traffic hubs in KLIA, PEN, KCH, BKI ii. Alliance and partnerships * Enter one world for greater market access, connecting traffic flows, and seamless frequent flyer arrangements * Explore collaboration and joint venture opportunities to capture new markets and cons olidate market position while reducing the financial risks of participating individually. iii. Profitable ancillary businesses Build a profitable portfolio of ancillary businesses around the core airline FOUNDATION (OPERATIONAL PLAN) i. Branded customer experience Improve product quality, including business class product offering in to match best in market and radically improve service levels at all customer service touch points also create and build on service delivery differentiation. ii. Continuous operational improvement Continuously improve processes and work practices by simplify work steps. Remove legacy practices by reduce bureaucracy. Inject innovation in solving issues and problems. iii. Winning organizationReview organization design and manpower requirements. Improve talent and succession planning. Revamp work rules to increase productivity. Reinforce performance based compensation and rewards. Rally staff through active engagement & communication. REFERENCE Dessler, (201 1, 12). Malaysia Airline Business Plan. Retrieved 03, 2013, from http://malaysiaairlines. com/content/dam/mas/master/en/pdf/corporate-info/Malaysia%20Airlines%20Business%20Plan. pdf Unknown, (2013, 06). Malaysia Airline Report. Retrieved 03, 2013, from http://www. scribd. com/doc/97200708/Malaysia-Airline-Report

Education Reform Essay

Education reform has been a heavily debated topic over the past several decades. This dispute, over education standards, peaked my interest due to my belief that the majority of students in public schools across the United States are underperforming in comparison to other first world countries. On the other hand some teachers and education professionals consider the existing policies adequate in teaching students, and they oppose any new regulations bestowed on by the federal government. These professionals fear that the outcome of increased government action will only result in further standardized testing. There are a plethora of aspects pertaining to education reform, I will just be focusing on a few, including; whether additional schooling controls economic prosperity, if written exams indicate the knowledge a student retains from a particular course, and should the federal government regulate the education system? By beginning some perfunctory research I quickly decided that the United States was in fact in dire need for reform. I chose to investigate further into the issue to find a clearer understanding of what schools and faculty can do to better assist their students. The process of establishing and supporting my thesis was a culmination of multiple components. My Ultimate goal is for the reader to fully comprehend the impurities of public education. My research began with determining a topic, then the research portion of the assignment commenced. Research was not as easy as entering your topic in on a search engine, the sources had to be specific to your topic, from a trustworthy publisher, and factual. Additionally there were requirement as to the medium of sources we needed to incorporate, such as a book, an interview, and a periodical.

Epidural Catheterization In Cardiac Surgery Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction: Risk-benefit-ratio rating of extradural haematomas due to catheter arrangement in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is still controversial. The intent of this survey is to update to 2012 the per centum of catheter-related extradural haematoma hazard in cardiac surgery. Methods: Bracco and Hemmerling 2007 hazard appraisal was updated by seeking all reported instances of extradural arrangement for cardiac surgery, in web and in literature, from April 2007 to September 2012. Hazards of other medical and non-medical activities were retrieved from recent reappraisals or national statistic studies. Consequences: Hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma is 1/5,493, with a 95 % CI of 1/970 to 1/31,114. It is similar to the hazard in the general surgery population of 1/6,628 ( 95 % CI 1/1,170 to 1/37,552 ) . Decisions: Hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma should be considered acceptable, since it is comparable to the hazard of deceasing in a auto accident, which is a jeopardy widely accepted. Its usage should be encouraged, because extradural improves recovery in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.IntroductionIn cardiac surgery, the extradural anesthesia/analgesia technique has been performed for many old ages [ 1 ] ; however, its usage is frequently limited by the fright of increased hazard of extradural haematoma associated with anticoagulation therapy. The risk-benefit ratio of medical processs needs to be known in order to do the best pick in routinely clinical pattern. In peculiar, it is of import to better look into the hazard benefit-ratio of extradural catheter in cardiac surgery, since it is a controversial and strongly debated pattern. In a recent reappraisal [ 2 ] , Royse showed the benefits and hazards related to high pectoral extradural anaesthesia, and he concludes that & amp ; acirc ; ˆ?epidural usage in cardiac surgery is no more unsafe than in non cardiac surgery & A ; acirc ; ˆA? . Previously, Bracco and Hemmerling estimated hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma, seeking databases from 1966 to March 2007 [ 3 ] . The deliberate hazard was 1 extradural haematoma out of 12,000 extradural catheterisation reported in literature. The purpose of this survey is to update to 2012 the per centum of catheter-related extradural haematoma hazard in cardiac surgery.MethodMedline, SciSearch Embase, Google and Google Scholar were searched to choose publications showing patients undergoing cardiac surgery who received extradural anesthesia/analgesia. The hunt standards were ( ( ( ( extradural anaesthesia ) OR extradural catheter ) OR locoregional anaesthesia ) OR extradural ) AND ( ( ( ( cardiac surgery ) OR coronary arteria beltway grafting ) OR aortal valve surgery ) OR mitral valve surgery ) . Databases were explored from April 2007 to September 2012. The compiled publication list includes: conference abstracts, randomized control tests, retrospective and prospective surveies, and meta-analysis. The figure of patients undergoing cardiac surgery who received extradural catheterisation was retrieved ; attending was paid to non number patients twice. After that, the entire figure of instances ( denominator ) was calcula ted summing instances from April 2007 to September 2012 with instances from 1966 to March 2007 ; the latters were already included in the appraisal hazard done by Bracco and Hemmerling [ 3 ] . The numerator was calculated adding instances of extradural haematoma after extradural catheterisation in cardiac surgery, occurred from 1966 to 2012. The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma was compared with several different hazards, such as: the hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in non cardiac surgery, the hazard of chest or prostate malignant neoplastic disease, and the hazard of route traffic hurt. The per centums of hazard used for comparing were extrapolated from big tests, meta-analysis or national statistics studies. As already done by Bracco and Hemmerling, the Wilson method [ 4 ] was used to cipher 95 % reversible assurance interval ( CI ) of a individual proportion. The comparing between 2 proportions was done utilizing the same method [ 5 ] .ConsequenceIn 2012, the hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is 3 instances out of 16,477 patients, or 1/5,493, with a 95 % CI of 1/970 to 1/31,114. From April 2007 to 2012, around 4,477 patients having merely extradural or extradural plus GA and undergoing cardiac surgery were found. This population besides includes some paediatric patients. Kind of surgery and figure of patients are shown in table 1. We summed our consequences with the one estimated by Bracco and Hemmerling ; hence, the denominator is 16,477 ( 12,000 + 4,477 ) . Merely two instances of catheter-related extradural haematoma are described in literature from April 2007 to 2012. The first one occurred in 2010 and is reported by the UK Medical Protection Society [ 6 ] . A 70-year-old adult female had to undergo alteration surgery after 6 old ages since she received a ternary coronary arteria beltway. The twenty-four hours of surgery extradural catheter was placed without incident, and so GA was induced. The twenty-four hours after surgery, in the forenoon, the patient showed initial neurological symptoms, noticed by a nurse. However, her spinal column was examined through a CT scan merely hours subsequently, after neurological scrutiny revealed an intense motor and centripetal bilaterally block at the T6 degree. A big haematoma in the extradural infinite was clearly seeable ; hence, an exigency laminectomy and emptying of haematoma were performed. This patient remained paraplegic. The 2nd instance of catheter-related extradural haematoma happened in 2011 [ 7 ] . On the twenty-four hours of surgery, after GA initiation an extradural catheter was placed. The patient was a 55-year-old adult male scheduled for mitral valve replacing and tricuspid annulate plasty, who had stopped warfarin 7 yearss earlier surgery. Preoperative blood test revealed a normal curdling profile and normal thrombocyte count. A flaccid paraplegia appeared 16 hours after the terminal of surgery ; at that clip his curdling profile was altered and he had besides thrombocytopenia. An exigency magnetic resonance imagination showed an extradural haematoma at the T5-T6 degree, hence a laminectomy, within 6 hours since symptoms onset, was instantly performed to take the haematoma. This patient had a good overall recovery, and presented merely a little dysuria 6 months after laminectomy. Bracco and Hemmerling identified merely one instance of catheter-related extradural haematoma occurred in 1995 and subsequently reported in 2004 [ 8 ] ; hence, this instance adds up to the 2 antecedently described, so the numerator for the hazard assessment up to 2012 is represented by 3 instances. Several instances of neurological complications happening in patients with an extradural catheter placed for cardiac surgery are described in literature. Arora et Al. reported a instance of pneumocephalus after extradural anaesthesia [ 9 ] . The patient was a 68-year-old hypertensive, diabetic and corpulent male admitted for a coronary arteria beltway surgery ( CABG ) . He had a moderate clogging pneumonic disease, so extradural anaesthesia was proposed, obtaining informed consent. After uneventful extradural catheter interpolation, the trial dosage was administered ( 2ml of 2 % Lidocaine ) . Immediately, the patient reported a terrible concern, and so generalized tonic clonic ictuss developed. The patient gained consciousness 10 proceedingss subsequently, after ictuss were controlled. The magnetic resonance imagination showed air in the basal cisterns and subarachnoid infinites. The patient got a full recovery and underwent surgery 2 yearss subsequently. Writers concluded that the c omplications were due to the puncture of the dura mater. The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is comparable to the hazard of extradural haematoma after regional techniques for general surgery [ 10, 11 ] . Volk et Al. estimated an incidence of spinal haematoma of 1: 6,628 in general surgical population, in Germany, from 2008 to 2009. We calculated a comparative hazard decrease of 17 % prefering general surgery ( non important ) . The US mortality for bosom disease ( deaths per population ) [ 12 ] is 10 times higher the hazard of extradural haematoma after extradural anesthesia/analgesia for cardiac surgery. The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is 100 times lower than both the incidence of acute nephritic failure after CABG [ 13 ] , and the incidence of sternal lesion infection after CABG [ 14 ] . The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is besides a 1,000 times lower than the frequence of ordering mistakes in infirmaries ( errors/admissions ) [ 15 ] . Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with an extradural catheter in topographic point have a hazard to develop an extradural haematoma comparable to the hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease ( women/year ) or prostatic malignant neoplastic disease ( men/year ) [ 16 ] , and to the hazard of deceasing by accident ( deaths/population ) [ 17 ] [ Fig.1 ] .DiscussionKnowing the hazard per centum related to medical processs is really of import in clinical pattern ; it permits to correctly measure the risk-benefit ratio and to explicate patients all is needed, in order to obtain an informed consent before executing processs. Two recent meta-analysis have shown, one time once more, that the usage of epidural over general anaesthesia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery improves recovery by diminishing: the incidence of acute nephritic failure, the incidence of postoperative supraventricular arrhythmias, the clip on mechanical airing and respiratory complications [ 18, 19 ] . Therefore, extradural anaesthesia is an of import intercession in the multimodal scheme that anesthesiologists actuate in order to vouch the best quality attention. Furthermore, wake up cardiac surgery is a new minimally invasive anaesthesia technique, and it is a cherished option for bad patients with terrible COPD ; because avoiding cannulation and mechanical airing is necessary to cut down the hazard of decease [ 20-25 ] . This survey demonstrates that the hazard of catheter related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is non zero, but it is a hazard that we consider to be acceptable, since it is comparable to the hazard of deceasing in a auto accident [ 26 ] , which is an jeopardy normally accepted [ Fig. 1 ] . Restrictions of the current hazard analysis are related to our determination of non sing differences among the surveies we used as beginning. Different times of catheter arrangement, different perioperative heparinization protocols and different puncture degrees are non taken into history. The increased hazard, compared to the 2007 appraisal by Bracco and Hemmerling, we believe is due to a lessening in the figure of instances we used to find the denominator, and non to a existent addition in instances of catheter-related extradural haematoma. We used as denominator the figure of patients who received an extradural catheterisation to undergo cardiac surgery. It is our sentiment, that the instances reported in literature in recent old ages are merely a little proportion of the figure of extradural catheter arrangement really performed. Furthermore, the attending paid to epidural-related jobs has increased over clip, and accordingly, the demand to describe incorrect events increased. In literature, instances of self-generated extradural haematoma without an extradural catheter after cardiac surgery are besides described. For case, Hayashi et Al. [ 27 ] reported about a 71-year-old adult females, who underwent mitral valve plasty with CPB. The surgery lasted around 4 hours uneventfully, and she was non antecedently treated with anticoagulant therapy neither with extradural. One hr after surgery, paraplegia was apparent, an extradural haematoma compacting spinal cord at the C7-T4 degree was revealed through magnetic resonance imagination. A conservative attack was chosen because the paraplegia was non progressive. The writers stated that the extradural haematoma etiology was non apparent. The adult female had good overall result. In decision, measuring the risk-benefit ratio of utilizing pectoral extradural anaesthesia in cardiac surgery should be easier, thank to this update hazard appraisal.

Social Policy Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social Policy Analysis - Assignment Example One such reform that is going to be discussed in this paper is the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA). Child Abuse is an issue that is spreading around like a contagion. Though there have been numerous efforts to curb this issue, but the facts revealed from a number of studies show that it is continuously on the rise and is also intensifying with the passage of time (Gil, 1973). Such studies give a disturbing insight into the alarming amount of impact that it is having by plaguing societies. Specifically shedding light on the issue at grass root level, child abuse can be defined as any act that threatens to be harmful to the health and/or welfare of a child. A child, in such a case, generally refers to persons under the age of 18 that are under parental care or in the care of a guardian (Stoltzfus, 2009). The abuse on the other hand in case of child abuse can be anything on part of the parent or caretaker that leads to any sort of emotional or physical harm to the child; or any sort of exploitation or sexual abuse. It even constitutes the domain of neglect on part of the parent/guardian in terms of failure to act that leads to any sort of harm to the child (McClennen, 2010). Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act is a legislation incepted in 1974 in United States pursuing to ensure child protection. It has been reviewed and reformed six times since its inception in efforts to further refine and expand its scope of operations (US Dept of Health and Human Services, 2003). The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act has been crafted in view of various studies that show that there are over a 1000,000 children in America that suffer from abuse and neglect every year, which in turn leave marks due to which they suffer throughout their lives. Most of these children never even receive any sort of treatment or protection from such mishandling. It was only when the enormity of the situation got serious that